Liquid fuel storage

SwRI 93-01, Testing Requirements for Protected Aboveground Flammable Liquid/Fuel Storage Tanks, includes tests to evaluate the performance of ASTs under fire, hose stream, ballistics, heavy vehicular impact, and different environments. This standard requires pool-fire resistance similar to that of UL 2085. 

Determine amount of liquid fuel storage required. 

Support utilities such as power generation. seawater lift, relief system, liquid fuel storage, and other utilities lend themselves to design optimization. Redundancy of utilities with coincident drilling should be examined carefully. 

Liquid fuel storage. Another large weight and space consumer on offshore platforms is the tankage dedicated for liquid fuel. Liquid fuel may be gas, oil, or diesel, depending on location, logistics, and availability. Separating the needs from the "wants applies here also. 

A 14-day supply is the usual number used for design. Calculating the maximum daily usage rate by 14 yields a conventional estimate of liquid fuel storage required. 

A liquid fuel usage histogram provides a more accurate view cf liquid fuel storage requirements (Fig. 3). 

The liquid fuel storage volume for this case was judged to be 14 days at the consumption rate ol continuous drilling plus living quarters load, about 2.5 mw. The storage volume was reduced by 30-40%. 

Several homes for liquid fuel may be examined that do not take up valuable deck space. The deck crane pedestals are prime candidates for liquid fuel storage. Temporary storage could be allocated to the oil-gas separators, seawater deaerator tower, and drilling oil-base mud tanks. The jacket conductor has been used in some locations. Unused spare drilling conductors, in conjunction with submersible pumps, may also offer temporary storage. 

A combination of these facilities can reduce or eliminate the need for dedicated liquid fuel storage tanks which occupy valuable deck space. 

Liquid-fueled rockets also produce a hot stream of gases that move the rocket upward. These rockets, however, provide a combustion chamber in which the two different types of liquids are ignited (see Figure 12-20). The liquid-fuel storage tanks on these rockets can be reused. A plmnbing system is required on a liquid-fueled rocket to direct the correct amount of fuel to the combustion chamber. 

Liquid Fuel Storage The use of a nonhydrogen liquid fuel, such as methanol, as a hydrogen carrier is a common approach to reduce fuel storage volume in portable applications using PEFCs, as discussed in Chapter 6. For these applications, the reduced performance of the fuel cell when using the alternative fuel is acceptable because of the reduced overall system complexity and size. 

Confined combustion explosions (gaseous or liquid) usually occur when a flammable vapor leaks into an enclosure and mixes witJi air to form a flarmnable mix-ture, whereupon this mix+ure contacts an ignition source tliat was present before the leak occurred. This type of explosion ctm tUso occur in storage taitks or sliips where tlie vapor space above tlie stored flanunable liquid (fuel) is in tlie cxplosivity range. In tliis case, an ignition source accidentally introduced will cause an explosion. 

Hydrogen onboard storage systems for vehicles are bulkier, heavier, and costlier than those for liquid fuels or compressed natural gas, but are less bulky and less hca than presently envisaged electric batteries. Even with these constraints, it appears that hydrogen could be stored at acceptable cost, weight, and volume for vehicle applications. This is true because hydrogen can be used so efficiently that relatively little fuel is needed onboard to travel a long distance. 

The aniline clo d point is a measure of the paraffinicity of a fuel oil. A high value denotes a highly paraffinic oil while a low value indicates an aromatic, a naphthenic, or a highly cracked oil. The flash point represents the temperature to which a liquid fuel can be heated before a flash appears on its surface upon exposure to a test flame under specified conditions. A knowledge of the flash point is needed to ensure safe handling and storage without fire hazards. 

External to the boiler house, provision for the storage and handling of solid and liquid fuel is required with access for delivery vehicles. With some small boilers such as electrode or steam-coil generators, where the boiler only serves a single item of plant or process, it is practical to install them immediately adjacent to that process. The electrode boiler is eminently suitable here as no combustion gases are produced. 

A hydrogen fuel cell is environmentally friendly, but H2 is much more difficult to store than liquid fuels. The production, distribution, and storage of hydrogen present major difficulties, so researchers are working on fuel cells that use liquid hydrocarbon fuels. One such fuel cell is composed of layers of yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ), which is solid Zr02 containing around 5% Y2 O3. This cell uses the combustion of a... 

Until recently the atmospheric chemistry of nitrogen-containing compounds such as the hydrazines, which are widely used as fuels in military and space vehicles, has received comparatively little attention. N,N-dimethyIhydrazine (also UDMH = unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine) is used in liquid-fueled rockets, and thus there Is a possibility that its use, storage, and handling could result in its release in the atmosphere. 

Dehydrogenation activities, compared for tetralin and decalin [5,12] under the same superheated liquid-film conditions over the same Pt/C catalyst, exhibited around 3.9-63 times preference of tetralin (Table 13.3), which can certainly be ascribed to advantageous adsorption due to the a-bonding capability of its aromatic part [17-19]. It was, thus, confirmed experimentally that tetralin is superior to decalin as the organic hydrogen carrier for stationary applications in terms of rapid hydrogen supply or power density, provided that the density of fuel storage is unimportant. 

If fuel cell cars run on gasoline, there is minimum disruption, but many predict that methanol will serve as a bridge to direct hydrogen. Early fuel cell cars may run on methanol, but rapid advances in direct-hydrogen storage and production could bypass any liquid fuel phase. 

---