Crude refining

Between 1982 and 1997, the total number of U.S. refineries had declined from 300 to 164 operating companies. This contraction was due for the most part to the closing down of the smaller refining operations, i.e., refineries with less than 50,000 barrels of crude oil per day (BPD) capacity. Wliile the smaller refineries still generally account for up to half of all U.S. facilities, in aggregate they control barely 14 percent of total U.S. crude refining capacity. 

CASRN 91-20-3 DOT 1334 (crude/refined), 2304 (molten) DOT label Flammable solid molecular formula CioHs FW 128.18 RTECS QJ0525000 Merck Index 12, 6457... 

Grades Crude, refined, Ceyon, Manila Crude, refined, prime summer yellow, bleacliable, l.SP. Crude, refined, edible, IJSP Crude, refined ... 

Benzene Crude Refining Octane Toluene Benzene Benzene... 

A typical chemical composition of crude, refined, and deodorized canola oils is presented in Table 12. The deodorized oil data represents the oil quality used as a food ingredient. 

Figure 7. Hydrolyzer crude refining system process flow diagram. Courtesy of CC Engineering, Ltd. (20).

Unrefined canola oil is said to contain low levels of sulfur-containing fatty acids, resulting in the presence of sulfur in the oil in the stable form of triglycerides. These triglycerides resist refining procedures. See Table II for the sulfur content of crude, refined, and deodorized canola oils. ... 

Table II Total sulfur content in crude, refined and bleached and deodorized canola oil. ° ...

Grade Crude, refined, prime summer yellow, bleachable, USP. 

Grade Technical (lumps, roll, flour), rubber maker s, NF (sublimed), crude, refined, precipitated (milk of sulfur), high purity (impurities less than 10 ppm), also available in prilled form. 

Sulfonated alkylnaphthalenes Sulfonated- fatty alcohols Sulfur (crude refined)... 

The oil chemists have avoided the more serious of these difficulties by alternative methods, using F.A.C. Standards, for example, for different hues. Melvin, et al. (1953) have studied the spectral characteristics of green soybean oil and have suggested optical density values at selected wave lengths which would delimit Grade 2 for crude, refined, refined and bleached oils. Thomson (1953) has further discussed single-number systems with particular reference to the measurement of color of cottonseed and soybean oils. 

In the CONCAWE report of 5 May, 1989, production of spent caustic by 45 European refineries represents about 138,000 t y compared to an overall 252 Mt of crude refined. This should give 550 t of spent caustic for every 1 Mt of crude. 

Table 2. Comparative composition of crude refined corn oil (adapted from Blanchard...

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