Burning tests

The 30g burning test for mixtures of oxidizing solids and sawdust and the drop ball impact test for mixtures of oxidizing solids and red phosphorus are used to evaluate the the burning hazards of oxidizing solids. ( refer sections 3.5.2 and 3.3.7). These are appropriate tests for powdery substances which can be easily and safely handled during the experiments. These methods are not applicable to oxidizers that are produced in the molded forms. 

In general the hazard decreases if a dangerous, powdery solid substance is molded into large pieces. This decrease in hazard is especially noted for solid oxidizers that become dangerous when mixed with combustible materials. A slid substance can be made safer if it is formed into larger particles. The following section describes a method for the assessment of the hazard of molded samples of solid oxiziders. 

The 30g burning test is the method of choice for measuring the intensity od bumiong of mixtures of powdey oxidizers and combustible materials, but this method cannot be applied to solid oxidizers that have been molded into larger shapes. The 5 lb(2, 270 g) burning rate test has been proposed in the USA, but this test is on too large a scale for use in the size of apparatus available in the Japanese laboratory hence, we did not adopt this method. 

The standard oxidizing solid used in this test is a crystalline potassium perchlorate manufactured by Japan Carlit Co., Ltd. with a particle size of 60 - 150 mesh and an apparent specific gravity of 1.46 g/cm 3. The reference sample is crushed potassium perchlorate, also manufacutured by Japan Carlit Co., Ltd. with a particle size under 250 mesh and an apparent specific gravity 1.06 g/cm 1.  

Two standard combustible materials may be used in this test. One is cellulose C, manufactured by The TOYO Filtratio Paper Co., Ltd. of particle size under 300 mesh and apparent specific gravity of 0.28 g/cm 3. The second is sawdust of 9-20 mesh in particle size with an apparennt specific gravity of 0.099 - 0.124 g/cm 1 and crushed wood for pets, made under the tradename Woodshavings by Japan Kurea. The sawdust is made from boiled fish paste and the board from American cedar trees. The reference sample is a fine sawdust for explosives with a particle size of 32- 50 mesh and apparent specific gravity of 0.175g/cm manufactured by Sanshin Industy Co., Ltd. 

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These ambiguities eventuady led the Federal Trade Commission to take action ia the case of cedular plastics and to restrict the use of such terminology (3). This action, ia addition to the prohibition placed on the use of certain terminology, requires the use of a caveat whenever the results of burning tests are cited. Much of the older Hterature, however, as wed as some of the more recent pubHcations, use this restricted terminology. 

The limiting oxygen index of Tefzel as measured by the candle test (ASTM D2863) is 30%. Tefzel is rated 94 V-0 by Underwriters Laboratories, Inc., in their burning test classification for polymeric materials. As a fuel, it has a comparatively low rating. Its heat of combustion is 13.7 MJ/kg (32,500 kcal/kg) compared to 14.9 MJ /kg (35,000 kcal/kg) for poly(vinyHdene fluoride) and 46.5 MJ /kg (110,000 kcal/kg) for polyethylene. 

The fuels consumed in the fire were treated wood, penta, and creosote (coal tars). Both are considered combustible liquids, with flash points above 160° F (CC). Vapor conditions within the headspaces of tanks can, however, reach explosive conditions, and the introduction of an ignition source resulted in spontaneous combustion. Under ideal conditions, creosote burns similar to crude oil, and in standard lab burn tests, has an average burn rate of 4 mm/min. There is no data on the burn rate of penta however, its vapors would have likely burned at much slower rates and a series of complex chemical transformations would have occurred. 

A UL Type 1 deflagration flame arrester must undergo an endurance burn test while a UL Type 11 deflagration flame arrester must be subjected to a continuous flame test. The test conditions for the endurance burn test and the continuous flame test for a deflagration flame arrester are the same as for a detonation flame arrester. 

The second standard is a procedure for examination and testing of detonation flame arresters (FMRC 1999). Testing to ascertain ability to stop deflagrations and detonations is conducted in accordance with the USCG requirements as outlined in 33 CFR, Appendix A to Part 154. However, the endurance burning test is conducted in accordance with the FMRC test procedure for flame arresters for storage tank vent pipes. 

It also contains specific requirements for testing of flame arresters in equipment such as compressors, blowers, fans, and vacuum pumps. Procedures are presented for deflagration, detonation, and burning tests for all the flame arrester types in the standard. 

Standard Test Rig Test Gas Deflagrations Test Pressure Endurance Burn Test... 

Standard Test Pipe Test Gas Stable Detona- tion Over- driven Detona- tion Deflagra- tions Test Pressure Endur- ance Burn Test... 

Dainty, E. E. and Lobay, G. 1991. An Investigation of Flame Arrester Continuous Burn Test Protocols. Tech. Rept. MRL-91-136, Canada Center for Mineral and Energy Technology (CANMET), Ottawa, Ontario (December 1991). 

Endurance Burn Test A test in which a flame arrester is subjected to a stable flame on the surface of the arrester for a length of time (depends on whether UL 525 or the USCG protocol is used) until the highest obtainable temperature is reached on the ignited side or until the temperature on the protected side has a temperature rise of 100°C. 

Figure 14 Vertical burning test of EVA-TBPTP cable material. The untreated control sample of EVA can be seen burning.

Heat Test, 100°. Betw 0 and 48 hours, 1% weight loss betw 48 and 96 hours, 0.6% weight loss no explns after 100 hours (Ref 10) Ignition and Unconfined Burning Test. All UFAP samples ignited and burned without expln (Ref 48, p 56)... 

Flammability UL-94 vertical burning test Flammability hood as recommended by UL... 

Table 6 shows the flamability characteristics of an impact modified 2/1 polycarbonate/PET blend containing 6 % of the various flame retardants. The composition containing the brominated phosphate 60/4 is the only one which is V-0 by the UL-94 vertical burn test. At 10 % add-on, the all-bromine containing resin is V-1 and at 13 % add-on the all-phophorus containing resin is V-0. 

Tg values and good smoke values in burning tests, can be prepared. Patents describing improvements in the preparation of... 

The trial burn can be seen as the test drive of the incinerator. It is the time when the owner/ operator will bring the unit up to operational readiness, monitor the key operating conditions, and measure the emissions. The trial burn test conditions are based on the operating conditions proposed by the permit applicant in the trial bum plan submitted to U.S. EPA for evaluation. U.S. EPA establishes conditions in the permit necessary to conduct an effective trial bum, meaning that the burn will be representational of the incinerator s intended day-to-day operation and will yield meaningful data for analysis. 

For blends of vegetable and animal fibers, however, the burning test may be indecisive. Moreover, dyes and mordants on yams or fabrics may affect... 

Air Products, a manufacture of latex binders, has completed a comprehensive study of flame retardants for latex binder systems. This study evaluates the inherent flammability of the major polymer types used as nonwovens binders. In addition, 18 of the most common flame retardants from several classes of materials were evaluated on polyester and rayon substrates. Two of the most widely recognized and stringent small scale tests, the NFPA 701 vertical burn test and the MVSS-302 horizontal burn test, are employed to measure flame retardancy of a latex binder-flame retardant system. Quantitative results of the study indicate clear-cut choices of latex binders for flame retardant nonwoven substrates, as well as the most effective binder-flame retardant combinations available. 

Flame Test Vertical Burn Test (NFPA-701) 60% Total Solids Add-on... 

These criteria were developed by the UK PU foam industry and were intended to differentiate the melamine or exfoliated graphite containing combustion modified PU foams from the standard, high resilience and flame retarded (chloro and bromo phosphate) containing PU foams (Table IV). This distinction was required because large scale burning tests of real arm chairs and furnished rooms had demonstrated the superiority of the combustion modified polyurethane foams. 

Table II. Smoke Generation in a Room Corner Burn Test and in the NBS Smoke Chamber...

Hasegawa, K., K. Kazutomo, H. Yoshihisa, and N. Hidefumi, "Characteristics of Conical Pile-Type Burning Test Methods for Determining the Potential Hazards of Oxidizing Materials," J. Loss Prev. Process Ind., 2,135 (1989). 

Endurance burn testing generally implies that the ignited gas mixture and flow rate are adjusted to give the worst-case heating (based on temperature observations on the protected side of the element surface), that the burn continues for a specified duration, and flame penetration does not occur. Continuous flame testing implies a gas... 

Burning test. The powdered cocaine is placed on aluminum foil and held over a low flame or match. The cocaine will burn clear. A sugar cut will darken and burn a dark brown or black therefore the larger the cut, the darker the burn. Crystallized speed or methamphetamine will pop when burned. Salts do not burn and remain as residue (cuts such as procaine or quinine also burn fairly pure although it is alleged that procaine can be detected by a bubbling of the substance before it burns clear). 

The theoretical c increases with increasing tip to ai(0-20) and then decreases with increasing in the region > 0.20 the theoretical Cp increases linearly with increasing The burning test results indicate that both and Cp p are lower than the theoretical c fp and Cpfp in the examined range. As is in-... 

Table 14.3 Parameter values of an erosive-burning test motor.

After taking suitable coal samples for analysis, removing the blockage and filling the cavity with refractory cement, the thlrd burn test was carried out on the same channel. Figure 5 shows time-data plots for this burn. Because much of the moisture had been driven forward by the preceding burn, only a relatively low-BTU product gas was produced but by cyclical Injection of steam and air, heat values could be periodically Increased. 

Eye protection — safety glasses or goggles - is mandatory whenever any pyrotechnic composition is being prepared or tested. Necessary equipment includes a mortar and pestle, a laboratory balance, a soft bristle brush, several 2-3 inch lengths of fireworks-type safety fuse (available from many hobby stores), and a fireproof stone or composite slab on which to conduct burning tests. 

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