Crude petroleum oil

Table 1. Compounds Found in Petroleum Crude Oils ...

For petroleum crude oil and lubricating oils the range is from 250 to 1250 hhl/(ha year) with a value of 400 hhl/(ha year) being typical. A typical value for general refinery oils and wastes would he about 150 hhl/(ha year). 

Raw petroleum (crude oil) is extracted from underground around the globe in a variety of ways and refined for tens of thousands of applications in our everyday lives. Crude oil is refined into usable petroleum products through several unique processes. Fractional distillation is the process used to efficiently extract or "distill" products that are a mixture of chemicals such as gasoline, diesel fuel, and kerosene or may selectively extract pure chemical compounds or petrochemicals such as... 

PETROL see GASOLINE PETROLEUM CRUDE OIL PETROLEUM DISTILLATES, n.o.s. 

Naturally occurring adamantane is generally accompanied by small amounts of alkylated adamantane 2-methyl- 1-ethyl- and probably 1-methyl- 1,3-dimethyl- adamantane and others [3], Diamantane, triamantane, and their alkyl-substituted compounds are also present in certain petroleum crude oils. Their concentrations in cmde oils are generally lower than that of adamantane and its alkyl-substituted compounds. 

Petroleum crude oil, gas condensate, and natural gas are generally complex mixtures of various hydrocarbons and nonhydrocarbons with diverse molecular weights. In order to analyze the contents of a petroleum fluid it is a general practice to separate it first into five basic fractions namely, volatiles, saturates, aromatics, resins, and asphaltenes [74, 77]. Volatiles consist of the low-boiling... 

Coal, coke, petroleum crude oil, residual fuel oil... 

Kline WF, Wise SA, and May WE (1985) The apphcation of perdeuterated polycydic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) as internal standards for the liquid chromatc aphic determination of PAH in petroleum crude oil and other complex mixtures. J Liq Chromatogr 8 223-237. 

Homogeneous gas phase reactors will always be operated continuously whereas liquid phase reactors may be batch or continuous. Tubular (pipe-line) reactors are normally used for homogeneous gas-phase reactions for example, in the thermal cracking of petroleum crude oil fractions to ethylene, and the thermal decomposition of dichloroethane to vinyl chloride. Both tubular and stirred tank reactors are used for homogeneous liquid-phase reactions. 

Sample. Petroleum crude oil sample from Long Beach Field (TUMS Well C-331, API° 20), California, and shale oil obtained by retorting at 500°C the Green River Oil Shale (Anvil Point Mine) were studied. About 20 g of shale oil was dissolved in 200 ml of THF and then filtered. The sample was recovered by a rotary evaporator. Although the same procedure was done on the other samples, the percent ash was different for each sample. All the samples were evaporated to a constant weight in a vacuum oven at 50°C. 

In this chapter, all parameters were assumed to be deterministic. However, the current situation of fluctuating petroleum crude oil prices and demands is an indication that markets and industries everywhere are impacted by uncertainties. For example, source and availability of crude oils as the raw material prices of feedstock, chemicals, and commodities production costs and future market demand for finished products will have a direct impact on final decisions. Thus, acknowledging the shortcomings of deterministic models, the next Chapters will consider uncertainties in the design problem. 

Figure 3. Measurements of the fluorescence spectra of Wilmington petroleum crude oil and SRC-II fuel oil blend...

Petroleum crude oils, which are divided for the purposes of conventional classification into three main types—asphalt (or naphthenic)-base, paraffin-base, and mixed-base—contain varying amounts of hydrocarbons which readily solidify and are identified as wax. The asphalt-base crudes may contain only a trace of wax, while the wax content of the paraffin-base crudes and the mixed-base crudes may be as high as 15% or higher (73). Crude oils with a wax content as high as 35% are known. 

A great number of hydrocarbons come from petroleum (crude oil). Coal and natural gas provide several others. Many more are produced by nature — natural rubber, turpentine, camphor, to mention a few. Even the red coloring of tomatoes and the yellow of carrots are hydrocarbons. 

Sulfur compounds form the largest group of nonhydrocarbons in petroleum. Crude oils vary considerably in their sulfur content. Some have extremely low sulfur contents with less than 0.1 weight percent of sulfur. However, high sulfur crudes can contain as much as five to seven weight percent sulfur. Since the sulfur atom is only a small part of a large molecule, a crude oil with a sulfur content of five weight percent may actually have sulfur atoms as a part of more than half of the total molecules. 

Petroleum (crude oil) a naturally occurring mixture of gaseous, liquid, and solid hydrocarbon compounds usually found trapped deep underground beneath impermeable cap rock and above a lower dome of sedimentary rock such as shale most petroleum reservoirs occur in sedimentary rocks of marine, deltaic, or estuarine origin. 

Liquid hydrocarbon. This can include, for example, liquid petroleum (crude oil), synthetic hydrocarbon liquid, bitumen from oil (tar) sands, fractions obtained from crude oil, and liquid fats (e.g., triglycerides). 

Feedstocks for various industrial pyrolysis units are natural gas liquids (ethane, propane, and n-butane) and heavier petroleum materials such as naphthas, gas oils, or even whole crude oils. In the United States, ethane and propane are the favored feedstocks due, in large part, to the availability of relatively cheap natural gas in Canada and the Arctic regions of North America this natural gas contains significant amounts of ethane and propane. Europe has lesser amounts of ethane and propane naphthas obtained from petroleum crude oil are favored in much of Europe. The prices of natural gas and crude oil influence the choice of the feedstock, operating conditions, and selection of a specific pyrolysis system. 

Petroleum (crude oil) is a raw material which is processed in an oil refinery. Two of the processes used are fractional distillation and cracking. 

Petrolatum is a purified material consisting of a complex combination of hydrocarbons with an ointment-like consistency and is derived from petroleum (crude oil). Based on its origin, it would seem that the properties of petrolatum would vary dramatically depending on the type of crude oil used. However, since different types of crude oils have widely differing properties (depending on the source of the oil), only certain waxy crudes are suitable for the manufacture of petrolatum. 

The character and hydrocarbon-type composition of several syncrudes have been investigated by adaptation of methods developed for heavier fractions of petroleum crude oils. The methods are reviewed briefly, and results are summarized for five coal liquids and a hydrotreated shale oil Refining requirements for removal of heteroatoms, especially nitrogen, and conversion of polynuclear aromatics are discussed in relation to the composition of the syncrudes and the character of refined products to be expected. A preliminary report is given on the preparation of liquid samples from coals of widely different rank to permit more systematic correlation of hydrocarbon character with coal source in relation to refining. 

Hydrotreated shale oil has an advantage as a refinery feed. In contrast to most petroleum crude oils, it contains essentially no residuum. Properties of the hydrotreated product from whole shale oil are similar to those of distillate fractions from waxy petroleum Arabian or Sumatran crudes. An exception is the sulfur content which is much lower for hydrotreated shale oil than for most crudes. 

Oil sands are true petroleum solids. Curiously, oil sands do not contain petroleum crude oil it is an organic material called kero-gen. The kerogen can be heated to yield a liquid called shale oil, which can be refined into conventional petroleum products. 

Many sulfur-containing organic compounds can be isolated from natural sources such as crude oil, petroleum, gas condensates, and coals <2004MI1>. By chromatographic methods <1999MI58> various polycyclic aromatic sulfur heterocycles (PASHs) (1-7) have been identified from standard samples of coal tar, petroleum crude oil and decant oil. 

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