Low volatile fuels

Detonations will also propagate through liquid fuel droplet dispersions (sprays) in air and through solid-gas mixtures such as dust dispersions. Volatility of the liquid fuel plays an important role in characterizing the detonation developed. For low-volatility fuels, fracture and vaporization of the... 

In its environmental program, the Bush administration is evaluating clean-burning, low-volatile fuels for automobiles. One alternative is to convert a farm product, com symp, to motor-grade ethanol. 

According to Hiltunen and Tang (1988), staged combustion is very effective for medium-to-high volatile fuels, but less effective for low volatile fuels. When introduced in the combustor the high volatile fuels quickly release the organically bound nitrogen in the volatile matter. In these instances, the secondary injection point can be placed at much lower locations. 

Heavier Fuel Oils and Lubricating Oils Low volatility distillates, e.g., motor oil. Asphalts and Tars Lowest volatility and generally a smelly, sticky mess filled with impurities. 

Steam extraction has been used for gasoline and diesel fuel. High-molecular-weight components of the diesel fuel cannot be removed easily, although a total removal of up to 91% is possible. When used to remove low-volatility compounds in a soil with a high percentage of clay, performance is expected to be ca. 85%. The mobile in situ steam extraction system can reduce VOCs in soils by more than 50% of their initial level. Based on pilot studies, the stationary steam extraction system is expected to have a 90% removal efficiency.54... 

The rule proposes emission standards for dioxins, furans, mercury, cadmium, lead, PM, hydrochloric acid, chlorine, carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, and several low-volatile metals. It also proposes a new comparable fuels exclusion and makes significant changes to the existing combustion regulations. 

Anthracite. Anthracite is a hard, black, shiny form of coal that contains virtually no moisture and very low volatile content. Because of this, it bums with little or no smoke and is sold as a "smokeless fuel. In general, coals only approach anthracite composition where bituminous coal seams have been compressed further by local crustal movements. Anthracites can have energy contents up to about 32 MJ/kg, depending on the ash content. 

The stratified gaseous layer established over the liquid fuel surface varies from a fuel-rich mixture to within the lean flammability limits of the vaporized fuel and air mixture. At some point above the liquid surface, if the fuel temperature is high enough, a condition corresponds to a stoichiometric equivalence ratio. For most volatile fuels this stoichiometric condition develops. Experimental evidence indicates that the propagation rate of the curved flame front that develops is many times faster than the laminar flame speed discussed earlier. There are many less volatile fuels, however, that only progress at very low rates. 

For DNAPL vaporization to work, the soil material must be permeable enough for the vapor bubbles to rise to the top of the water table. DNAPL vaporization is not effective for some low-volatility compounds, such as dichlorobenzene, diesel fuel, naphthalene, phenol, trichlorobenzene, and trichloropropane, unless it is coupled with groundwater sparging. All information is from the vendor and has not been independently verified. 

JP-7 — Low-volatility kerosene very high performance aircraft fuel... 

Fuels with low volatility reduce power output due to poor atomization. 

Fuels with low volatility will result in hard starting, slow warmup,poor drivability and unequal distribution to cylinders. 

A supercritical water POX technique can also be used to produce H2 for fuel cells. The solubility of supercritical water is more like high-pressure steam than water. Therefore, supercritical water can extract hydrocarbons or sulfur species of low volatility from catalyst pores in situ during a heterogeneous catalytic... 

High Volatility. The problem preceding that of antiknock quality was concerned with fuels of low volatility. Volatility again became a problem in the early thirties as a result, in part, of extended thermal operations to make higher octane nmn-... 

As regards actual combustion of jet fuels, the two critical combustion factors are fuel volatility and hydrogen/carbon ratio. As might be expected, fuels that are too heavy for the spray system and for the combustor design do not burn as well as more volatile fuels. Low hydrogen/carbon ratios also interfere with combustion efficiency, even though straight aromatics have been handled in specially adapted burners (5). 

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