Ideal conditions

It is thus established that moderate concentrations and fill depths facilitate ice sublimation. To arrive at a reasonable compromise, a solid content in the region of 10% w/w should be aimed at. Coupled with a fill depth of ca. 5 mm, this provides a good compromise to achieve an efficient primary drying protocol for many pharmaceutical formulations. 

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Under ideal conditions (e.g., point sources producing spherical waves and no multiple reflections) a rectified backscattered signal represents line integrals of the ultrasonic reflectivity over concentric arcs centered at the transducer position. To reconstruct the reflection tomo-... 

The theoretical yield in an organic reaction is the amount which would be obtained under ideal conditions if the reaction had proceeded to completion, i.e., if the starting materials were entirely converted into the desired product and there was no loss in isolation and purification. The yield (sometimes called the actual yield) is the amount of pure product which is actually isolated in the experiment. The percentage yield is... 

Column Efficiency. Under ideal conditions the profile of a solute band resembles that given by a Gaussian distribution curve (Fig. 11.1). The efficiency of a chromatographic system is expressed by the effective plate number defined from the chromatogram of a single band. 

Scales win always perform better in a temperature-controlled environment this is particularly important for high precision balances. Those designed to automatically recaHbrate as conditions change will perform better in less-than-ideal conditions. 

Optimizing the Cr layer also controls the crystal size and morphology. It was reported in 1986 (89,90) that the Cr underlayer thickness has a great influence on the coercivity of the Co—Ni—Cr layer. In most of the Hterature it can be found that with increasing Cr thickness the increases. Under ideal conditions and the right material combinations coercivities above 240 kA/m have been prepared. 

Frequency Allocations. Under ideal conditions, an optimum frequency or frequency band should be selected for each appHcation of microwave power. Historically, however, development of the radio spectmm has been predominantly for communications and information processing purposes, eg, radar or radio location. Thus within each country and to some degree through international agreements, a complex Hst of frequency allocations and regulations on permitted radiated or conducted signals has been generated. Frequency allocations developed later on a much smaller scale for industrial, scientific, and medical (ISM) appHcations. 

The polymerizations of tetrahydrofuran [1693-74-9] (THF) and of oxetane [503-30-0] (OX) are classic examples of cationic ring-opening polymerizations. Under ideal conditions, the polymerization of the five-membered tetrahydrofuran ring is a reversible equiUbtium polymerization, whereas the polymerization of the strained four-membered oxetane ring is irreversible (1,2). 

Carbonate. Hydrated cerous carbonate, Ce2(C02)3 when prepared under ideal conditions tends to crystallize as cerous carbonate... 

The distribution of energy under idealized conditions is given by Planck s equation in which the energy radiated into a hemisphere in W/cm in... 

Standard costing is extensivelv used in budgetaiy-control systems. Criteria for the establishment of standards range from the maximum possible under ideal conditions to those expected under normal conditions. Past or historical costs are not always the best basis for setting up standards because past performance may have been unnecessarily inefficient. 

The work in a compressor under ideal conditions as previously shown occurs at constant entropy. The actual process is a polytropic process as shown in Fig. 10-65 and given by the equation of state Pv = constant. 

If it were possible to obtain a perfect sing displacement wash, the frac tion remaining would be numerically equal to I minus the wash ratio. This ideal condition is represented by the maximum theoretical line as shown in Fig. 18-103. Since it represents the best that can be done, no data point should fall to the left of this cni ve. Most, but not all, cake-washing curves tend to fall along the heavy solid line shown. In the absence of ac tnal data, one may estimate washing results by using this cni ve. 

Gas and Leachate Movement and Control Under ideal conditions, the gases generated from a landfill should be either vented to the atmosphere or, in larger landfills, collected for the production of energy. Landfills with >2.5 miUion cubic meters of waste or >50 Mg/y NMOC (nonmethane organic compounds) emissions may require landfill-gas collection and flare systems, per EPA support WWW, CFR 60 Regulations. The leachate should be either contained within the landfill or removed for treatment. 

The ideal condition would be when the rotor output is a cubic function of wind speed. But in practice this may not be so. It is found to be linear or a near quadratic (square) function of the wind speed, as shown in Figure 6.64... 

When G operates at utiity p.f. is the most ideal condition. The generator will now deliver its maximum power at the least current value. The maehine is least stressed for its best performance. G is ahead of the bus and is only sufficiently excited such that cos 0 = I and... 

I When the system voltage is linear (an ideal condition that would seldom exist) but the load is non-linear The current will be distorted and become non-sinusoidal. The actual current /, (r.m.s.) (equation (23.2)) will become higher than could be measured by an ammeter or any other measuring instrument, at the fundamental frequency. Figure 23.13 illustrates the difference between the apparent current, measured by an instrument, and the actual current, where / = active component of the current... 

Peclet number independent of Reynolds number also means that turbulent diffusion or dispersion is directly proportional to the fluid velocity. In general, reactors that are simple in construction, (tubular reactors and adiabatic reactors) approach their ideal condition much better in commercial size then on laboratory scale. On small scale and corresponding low flows, they are handicapped by significant temperature and concentration gradients that are not even well defined. In contrast, recycle reactors and CSTRs come much closer to their ideal state in laboratory sizes than in large equipment. The energy requirement for recycle reaci ors grows with the square of the volume. This limits increases in size or applicable recycle ratios. 

The work in a compressor or turbine under ideal conditions occurs at constant entropy as shown in Figures 3-4 and 3-5, respectively. The actual... 

To produce mouldings from polystyrene with minimum strain it is desirable to inject a melt, homogeneous in its melt viscosity, at a high rate into a hot mould at an injection pressure such that the cavity pressure drops to zero as the melt solidifies. Limitations in the machines available or economic factors may, however, lead to less ideal conditions being employed. 

The fuels consumed in the fire were treated wood, penta, and creosote (coal tars). Both are considered combustible liquids, with flash points above 160° F (CC). Vapor conditions within the headspaces of tanks can, however, reach explosive conditions, and the introduction of an ignition source resulted in spontaneous combustion. Under ideal conditions, creosote burns similar to crude oil, and in standard lab burn tests, has an average burn rate of 4 mm/min. There is no data on the burn rate of penta however, its vapors would have likely burned at much slower rates and a series of complex chemical transformations would have occurred. 

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