Formulated products

The active substances are not used as neat chemicals. They are sold as formulated products. Products for small-scale use in house or garden are often ready-to-use formulas. That means they come in diluted form, often in spray cans, and can be used as they are. For large-scale use this is not economical, because a large part of the spray mix is simply water, needed to dilute the active substance. Therefore, pesticide products for use in agriculture or vector control are concentrates. They are diluted with water 

Parent compound Same as active ingredient The parent compound degrades to metabohtes 

Formulation Product containing the a.i., solvents, and additives. Some formulations contain. two or more a.i (a) Concentrates for use on farms or public areas (b) Ready-to-use products for household application 

Spray solution Solution applied in the field Prepared before use by dilution of the formulation with water 

Tank mixes Combination of two formulations in the same spray solution Prepared before use in the spray tank 

---

Economics. As with the alkyl tin stabilizers, the market pricing of the mixed metal stabilizers tend to be directed by the particular appHcation. The calcium—zinc and barium—cadmium packages are typically used at 2.0—4.0 parts per hundred of PVC resin (phr) in the formulation. These completely formulated products are sold for 2.50— 4.40/kg for the Hquid products and 3.20— 6.50/kg for the soHds and pastes. The higher efficiency products aimed at rigid appHcations tend toward the higher end of the cost range. 

Except for fire-resistant fluids, synthetic lubricants have not captured a significant portion of the general lubricant or hydrauhc markets, primarily because the cost is two to four times that of other premium lubricants. However, development of satisfactorily formulated products continues. 

Specialty chemicals, however, differ in that they are used for thek performance properties and usuaHy are not specified chemical entities. Products from different suppHers usuaHy differ somewhat, and free interchangabHity is not always possible. Special chemical systems also exist in the market and these are formulated products that contain both commodity and specialty chemicals. 

When considering sealants or other formulated products, the health and safety considerations relating to the other ingredients should be taken into account. 

Use as Solvent. Toluene is more important as a solvent than either benzene or xylene. Solvent use accounts for ca 14% of the total U.S. toluene demand for chemicals. About two-thirds of the solvent use is in paints and coatings the remainder is in adhesives, inks, pharmaceuticals, and other formulated products utilizing a solvent carrier. Use of toluene as solvent in surface coatings has been declining, primarily because of various environmental and health regulations. It is being replaced by other solvents, such as esters and ketones, and by changing the product formulation to use either fully soHd systems or water-based emulsion systems. 

Paint—Tests for Formulated Products and Applied Coatings" and "Standard Recommended Practices for Testing Polymer Powders ia Powder Coatings," ASTM 3451, 1991 MnnualBook ofMSTM StandardsYo. 06.01, American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, Pa. 

The lubrication requirements of gears vary considerably and create the need for specifically formulated products. This, combined with the diversity of automotive and industrial gear types, has led to the introduction of several specifications for gear lubricants (see Figure 52.7). 

NOTE If the chelant forms only part of the formulated product, the ppm of product required in the FW is determined by dividing the total chelant demand by the percentage chelant in the product. 

There is wide variation in the activity, specificity, compatibility, and mode of action of the many individual raw material organics used in product formulations. The quality of some raw materials, and ultimately supplier formulations, may be suspect. Not all competitive polymers or formulated products provide equal performance for an equivalent price. 

Formulated products tend to use a 10 to 20% neutralized erythorbate, buffered to pH of 5 to 6 with ammonia, morpholine, cyclohexy-lamine, diethanolamine (DEA), or triethanolamine (TEA) to reduce the acidity of erythorbic acid. Similarly, amines are used with sodium erythorbate to improve the reaction rate. 

Carbonic acid dihydrazide, carbazide, or N,N-diaminourea C 0(NHNH2)2] has a MW of 90.1. It is available as a 98+% liquid or in various diluted forms, typically a 6.5% formulated product. 

Contact of surfactants with the skin and mucus membranes occurs either accidentally or as a consequence of normal use. Examples of this normal and everyday use are cleaning formulations, shampoos, foam baths, and toothpastes. Again this contact is seldom made with individual surfactants, in this case alcohol sulfates and alcohol ether sulfates, but through formulated products. It is known that surfactants present significant interactions, so that mixed systems are generally less aggressive than their individual components. However, the effect of pure surfactants merits attention, particularly sodium dodecyl sulfate, which is commonly used as a reference for many studies because of its high purity and availability. 

From the detailed studies performed either using individual alcohol sulfates and alcohol ether sulfates or formulated products by oral administration and skin contact, no evidence of carcinogen risk was found. Similar conclusions were obtained when these sulfates or formulated products were tested for mutagenic and teratogenic properties. 

Ortiz D, Yanez L, Gomez H, et al. 1995. Acute toxicological effects in rats treated with a mixture of commercially formulated products containing methyl parathion and permethrin. Ecotoxicol Environ Safety 32 154-158. 

Technical endosulfan is no longer produced in the United States therefore, it is no longer exported. Data on export of formulated products containing endosulfan were not located. 

Software to predict the properties of formulated products is made more powerful by a recursive procedure which can use formulas stored in files as raw materials. Particular care must be taken with program flow control and data structures for the recursion to be effective. This paper illustrates these issues using an example derived from a working formulation system for coatings development. 

Polymer and coating chemists use computer models to predict the properties of formulated products from the characteristics of the raw materials and processing conditions (1, 2). Usually, the chemist supplies the identification and amounts of the materials. The software retrieves raw material property data needed for the modelling calculations from a raw material database. However, the chemist often works with groups of materials that are used as a unit. For instance, intermediates used in multiple products or premixes are themselves formulated products, not raw materials in the sense of being purchased or basic chemical species. Also, some ingredients are often used in constant ratio. In these cases, experimentation and calculation are simplified if the chemist can refer to these sets of materials as a unit, even though the unit may not be part of the raw material database. 

A recursive modelling procedure will let the chemist use formulated products as a raw materials. In this paper, we illustrate this use of recursion, and provide a working example that highlights some of the complexities encountered when using this technique. 

Figure 1 shows a flow chart for part of a recursive modelling procedure, illustrated in this paper, which accepts as input a formula consisting of constituent raw material codes or formula names, and quantities. The procedure retrieves property data for each raw material in order to perform the required calculations. When the procedure encounters a constituent that is a formulated product, it calls itself using that product as input. The output of the procedure consists of the calculated properties of the formula, including those properties of the formula that would be retrieved from data files for non-formulated or purchased raw materials. By returning this latter set of properties, the procedure can treat formulas as raw materials. 

The table below illustrates these issues by comparing how a recursive subroutine must handle data which is available from a database, such as the cost of a raw material, data that is calculated for the formulated product, such as PBR, and data for intermediate products. (The variable names shown in the table are part of the example procedure given in the appendix.) Compare with the previous table for a non-recursive modelling procedure s data structure. 

Moulds and yeasts show varying responses to biocides. These organisms are often important in the pharmaceutical context because they may cause spoilage of formulated products. Various types of protozoa are potentially pathogenic and inactivation by biocides may be problematic. Viral response to biocides depends upon the type and structure of the virus particle and on the nature of the biocide. 

---