Product design topical formulations

UV filter and finished product photostability are a topic for the synthetic and formulation chemists. Their use of reliable and specific assessment protocols provides an excellent screening tool for development of new ingredients and formulations. Insight into the photophysical and photochemical behavior of the substances/products under study will help to avoid errors in the design of experiments. It is also essential to a meaningful interpretation of data and helps prevent premature disqualification of substances/products, which for instance undergo equilibration when exposed. 

Distilled water is often used in the formulation of oral and topical pharmaceutical preparations and a low bacterial count is desirable. It is also used after distillation with a specially designed still, often made of glass, for the manufacture of parenteral preparations and a post-distillation heat sterilization stage is commonly included in the process. Water for such preparations is often stored at 80°C to prevent bacterial growth and the production of pyrogenic substances which accompany such growth. 

In conclusion, dermal exposure of chemicals in food-producing animals may result in the presence of tissue residues. For topical products, formulations which minimize dermal penetration should also minimize residues. However, for topically applied, systemically active drugs, tissue residues may occur. Our knowledge of the penetration characteristics of chemical in food-producing animals is lacking. In vitro studies designed to probe the mechanism of dermal absorption in these species must be conducted for rational decisions to be made. 

Another consideration in the design of new antimicrobial product formulations, the design of large-scale clinical trials, as well as for the development of a systems approach to preoperative antimicrobial bathing and showering is the compatibility of other topical products used in conjunction with the preparative process. For example, it is well established that common ingredients in body creams and lotions may inactivate antimicrobial agents such as CHG [27]. In the very near future, healthcare professionals may inquire how important it is that the antiseptic chosen for the patient s preoperative shower and the antiseptic employed for the intraoperative skin prep be compatible Are there other potentially deleterious chemical reactions to be concerned about What is the current science... 

The primarily application of poly(acrylic acid) is as a viscosity modifier in the formulation of topical pharmaceutical products, (e.g., creams, gels), that are designed for applieation to local sites, (e.g., skin, eye, rectum) (a.4). The viscosity of poly(acrylic acid) is dependent on pH. At low pH poly(acrylie acid) forms colloidal dispersions of low viscosity, however, following neutralisation with a suitable... 

As this book serves as an introduction, we do not go into more complex examples whose formulation and solution procedure are out of the scope of this work. For those interested in the topic, we recommend specialized literature on systematic process design and optimization [14,15]. Furthermore, the literature is rich in papers on the design of different facilities of industrial interest such as hydrocarbon separation [16], hydrodealkylation (HDA) production process optimization [4], distillation columns sequence design, heat exchanger networks, power plants and IGCC modeling... 

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