Exposure product formulation

Occupational exposure may occur during production, formulation, packaging, and administration of the pharmaceutical. Possible exposures consist of inhalation, incidental ingestion, and dermal contact. 

Occupational exposure to 2-heptanone may occur by inhalation or dermal contact during its production, formulation, or transport. Exposure to the general population may occur by ingestion of food in which it occurs naturally, by inhalation during the use of commercial products in which it is used as a solvent or by the ingestion of contaminated drinking water. The principal route of occupational exposure is by inhalation. Skin and eye contact may also occur. 

ATV-dimethyTm-toluamide (DEET) is the active ingredient in numerous commercial mosquito repellants. DEET by itself or as formulated into commercial products permeates through human skin. Dermal exposures to DEET and to mixtures containing DEET have been associated with toxic encephalopathy in children. I22 It has been shown that ethanol, the solvent for DEET, significantly enhances the permeation of DEET through the skin. I23 Toxic effects attributed to DEET absorption may, therefore, be enhanced by the incorporation of ethanol into commercial product formulations. 

There are a few food monitoring studies in the literature that provide several examples of food contamination with 1,1,1-trichloroethane. The ubiquitous nature of 1,1,1-trichloroethane suggests that additional information in this area would allow a complete determination ofthe levels of human exposure to this chlorinated solvent. The release of 1,1,1-trichloroethane to the environment is well established since there are numerous studies that indicate the presence of this compound in environmental media. The quantity of 1,1,1-trichloroethane released to the environment during its production, formulation, and use is known. 1,1,1-Trichioroethane is listed on the Toxics Release Inventory. Methods for the disposal of 1,1,1-trichloroethane exist. Data on the removal of 1,1,1-trichloroethane from waste streams during biological treatment processes are lacking. Information on the amount of 1,1,1-trichloroethane disposed of annually is scarce. Rules and regulations... 

In conclusion, dermal exposure of chemicals in food-producing animals may result in the presence of tissue residues. For topical products, formulations which minimize dermal penetration should also minimize residues. However, for topically applied, systemically active drugs, tissue residues may occur. Our knowledge of the penetration characteristics of chemical in food-producing animals is lacking. In vitro studies designed to probe the mechanism of dermal absorption in these species must be conducted for rational decisions to be made. 

EXPOSURE ROUTES evaporation or water releases from product formulation eon-sumption of contaminated drinking water dermal and inhalation exposure through use of consumer products formulated with this compound... 

The chemical and electrochemical oxidations of triphenylphosphine sulphide and phosphorothioates in acetonitrile have been investigated.In both reactions, triphenylphosphine sulphide initially gives a product formulated as a dimeric di-cation (39), but this rapidly decomposes on removal of the solvent or exposure to air. Triphenylphosphine oxide and sulphide form radical anions on treatment with potassium in ether at low temperature or by one-electron reduction at a Hg cathode in DMF. The photo-oxidation (sensitized by polymer-supported Rose Bengal) of triphenylphosphine selenide to the oxide has been shown to be highly solvent-dependent. 

The hazard characteristics of materials will affect exposure and risk. More hazardous materials inherently have a greater probability of adverse health outcomes upon exposure. Sometimes employees will be more careful when using materials that they know have a high hazard potential. But this can only be true when they are knowledgeable about the material s hazard level. If a material is very hazardous, often less-hazardous materials available can be substituted. The same is true for hazardous work processes. Proper substitution can decrease the risk of injury or illness, but care must be taken to ensure that the material or process being substituted is really safer and that it mixes well with the entire product formulation or production/assembly process. 

Adhesives used in connector applications include Loctite s 3887 isotropic epoxy conductive grade. This two part product comes as a thick paste which is cured by exposure to heat and which is designed for enhanced adhesion to gold plated devices in electronic interconnect applications. The product formulation is reported to absorb stress associated with extreme thermal mismatch between dissimilar substrates. 

Formulations are designed to maximize product stability and availability to target pests, improve handling and minimize human exposure. Pesticide formulations consist of the active ingredient, carrier (e.g., organic solvent, clay). 

Metal exposure is a critical factor in color retention of most azo dye formulations. However, improved coating techniques have made it possible to attain the desired shelf life of products colored with azo dyes. 

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