Formulation system

Chlorinated rubber is soluble in aromatic solvents, and paints made from it dry by solvent evaporation alone. In contrast to the vinyls, there is less difficulty in formulating systems that are suitable for brush application. It has excellent resistance to a wide range of chemicals and to water, but as it is extremely brittle it needs to be plasticised. To preserve chemical resistance it is necessary to use inert plasticisers such as chlorinated paraffin wax. Due to the presence of ozone depleting solvents, chlorinated rubber coatings are being phased out and largely replaced by vinyl acrylic coatings which have very similar performance and can be formulated from lower aromatic or aliphatic solvents. 

Software to predict the properties of formulated products is made more powerful by a recursive procedure which can use formulas stored in files as raw materials. Particular care must be taken with program flow control and data structures for the recursion to be effective. This paper illustrates these issues using an example derived from a working formulation system for coatings development. 

A computer-aided formulation system for tablets (Expert-Tab) has recently been developed by a consortium of 13 pharmaceutical companies coordinated... 

Kashihara T, Takahashi Y. Development of computer aided formulation system for tablet (Expert-Tab) 1. Pharm Tech lapan 2001 17 699-711. 

Solvent Formulation System. Another technology area which cuts across product lines is solvent formulation. For each pound of coatings applied, cost of solvents represents an appreciable portion of the total cost. Solvent raw material cost can be as much as one-third of the total raw material cost of coating manufacturers. In addition, solvent formulation affects many end use properties, such as aesthetics, coverage, application latitude, functional properties, etc. For our computerized solvent formulation system, we have developed a number of models which predict properties of solvent blends known to be important in solvent formulation. 

Application of the Solvent Formulation System. In contrast to the acrylic polymerization model discussed previously which is extremely complex mathematically and computation wise the solvent formulation system is a growing collection of models which are much less complex mathematically and computation wise. However, the system does allow one to evaluate many properties of solvent blend quickly and with relative ease. The system has been found to be valuable in ... 

During recent years much technical effort of coating manufacturers has been directed at replacement of solvents due to toxicity or air pollution considerations. Our solvent formulation system has played a major role in these reformulation efforts. We have realized savings both from reduction in technical efforts and in raw materials costs. 

Bronopol (Myacide AS) is a potent antibacterial agent with some activity against yeasts. It was developed originally by the Boots Company in the UK as a preservative for cosmetics and toiletry products and has been used extensively in these areas since the 1970s. More recently it has been adopted in industrial formulation systems due to its low use concentrations and good compatibility... 

Microemulsions. Systems comprising microwater droplets suspended in an scCO T oil phase can be achieved with the use of appropriate surfactants, of which the best appear to be fluorinated. Microemulsions in supercritical hydrofluoro carbons are also possible. Potential may also exist for speciality coatings via low concentration solutions of fluorinated products in supercritical fluid for, e.g., thin-fitm deposition, conformal coatings, and release coatings. Supercritical CO2 will dissolve in formulated systems to improve flow and plasticize melt-processable materials to improve melt-flow characteristics and lower the glass transition temperature. 

The multifunctionality contributes higher reactivity and cross-link density. These factors are especially critical when formulating systems that require improved thermal performance over conventional epichlorohydrin—bisphenol A systems. The melt viscosity of these resins, which are solids at room temperature, decreases sharply with increasing temperature. This affords the formula tor an excellent tool for controlling flow of molding compounds, and facilitating the incorporation of ECN resins into other epoxies, eg, for powder coatings. 

Blends of the following formulated systems were mill mixed and cured at 300°F ... 

Following are examples of diets formulated by computer, using the Brill Feed Formulation System. 

Insoluble material that is finely divided, micronized (for example), and uniformly dispersed in a formulated system for the purpose of colouring it or making it opaque. Examples Ti02 in soap bars and paints iron oxides in eye make-up and paints. 

A graphical representation of the viscosity of a system versus salt concentration. This curve can be an important characteristic of formulated systems in which viscosity control is necessary, such as in shampoo formulas. Solutions Salting in is when the addition of electrolyte to a solution causes an increase in the solubility of a specified solute. Salting out is when the addition of electrolyte causes a decrease in the solubility. 

The chemical microstructures of cis-polyisoprene (HR) vulcanised with sulfur and N-t-butyl-2-benzothiazole sulfenamide (TBBS) accelerator were studied as a function of extent of cure and accelerator to sulfur ratio in the formulations by solid-state 13C NMR spectroscopy at 75.5 MHz [29]. Conventional (TBBS/Sulfur=0.75/2.38), semi-efficient (SEV=1.50/1.50) and efficient (EV=3.00/1.08) vulcanisation formulations were prepared, which were cured to different cure states according to the magnitude of increase in rheometer torque. The order and types of the sulfurisation products formed are constant in all the formulation systems with different accelerator to sulfur ratios. However, the amount of sulfurisation has been found to vary directly with the concentration of elemental sulfur. 

The effect of the accelerator to sulfur ratio on the vulcanisation chemistry was also investigated by comparing the vulcanisation products from conventional, SEV and EV formulation systems. With increase in accelerator to sulfur ratio (from conventional to EV) there is a lowering in the sulfur rank. Also, the cis-to-trans isomerisation increases with the amount of accelerator. 

The new resonances, which appear with vulcanisation in the presence of carbon black, are qualitatively the same as observed for the unfilled formulation systems, i.e., new resonances at 50.7, 50.2, and 37 ppm were detected at lower cure times. At longer cure times these three resonances disappeared and new resonances were detected at 58, 64, and 45 ppm along with new peaks at 17 and 12 ppm and the growing of the intensity of the peak at 14 ppm. As the amount of carbon black content increased, the latter features were observed at an earlier stage of cure. 

The viscosity of the epoxy resin is only one factor in determining the final viscosity of the formulated system. Some curing agents and resinous modifiers produce little effect on mixed viscosity however, others can have a significant effect by either increasing or decreasing viscosity. Fillers, in general, increase viscosity in direct relationship to their concentration in the system. Diluents can be used to decrease viscosity. 

These blends can take a number of different forms. The added resin may be reacted with the epoxy resin, or it may be included as an unreacted modifier. The modifier may be blended into a continuous phase with the epoxy resin (epoxy alloys) or precipitated out as a discrete phase within the epoxy resin matrix (as is generally done in the case of toughening modifiers). Epoxy hybrid adhesives are often used as film (supported and unsupported) or tape because of the ease with which formulated systems can be dissolved into solvent and applied to a carrier or deposited as a freestanding film. Some systems, notably epoxyurethanes and epoxy-poly sulfides, can be employed as a liquid or paste formulation because of the low-viscosity characteristics of the components. 

Traditionally initial matches required significant trial and error, even with a highly skilled color matcher. In most organizations the color matcher is aided by instrumental and computational methods to supplement visual evaluation. Besides more accurate formulations, the most important advantage to the use of a computer formulation system is the amount of time that it takes to obtain an initial match. By significantly decreasing the amount of time it takes to obtain an acceptable match, the profitability of the end product can increase dramatically. 

Lecithin-based o/w MEs for parenteral use were formulated using polysorbate 80, IPM (Isopropyl myristate), lecithin, and water at different lecithin-polysorbate 80 weight ratios [115]. The formulated systems were shown to be highly stable and of minimal toxicity when evaluated in vitro. Phospholipid-based ME formulations of all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) for parenteral administration were prepared and tested in vitro [116]. ATRA is effective against acute promyelocytic leukemia with highly variable oral bioavailability. Parenteral ME of ATRA was prepared using pharmaceutically acceptable ingredients, namely phospholipids and soybean oil. The inhibitory effect of ATRA on two human cancer cell lines (HL-60 and MCF-7) was not affected by incorporation into a ME formulation. 

Epoxy systems with flexibihsers and properly-selected fillers exhibit high resistance to rapid changes in temperature and do not show signs of cracking or shattering. Rigid epoxy systems can cause severe problems. Better formulated systems can withstand repeated thermal shock cycles from 180°C to -75°C without failure. 

Properly formulated systems exhibit the following properties (Maslow,... 

Thermal shock resistance. Cured coating or adhesive can withstand, without fracturing, the expansion and contraction movements encountered during thermal cycling. A correctly formulated system can withstand the effects of thermal cycling over a wide temperature range, from -55°C to 85°C. 

The task decomposition allows the problem-solving process to be largely decoupled between tasks and also facilitates reasoning about subtasks. An important principle is that tasks plan about and directly manipulate only their immediate subtasks. Recursive application of this principle is the key to integrated behavior of a formulation system as a whole. The task tree is built on dynamically, depending upon the specification at hand as the problem-solving process proceeds. This is different to the object hierarchy where the structure is fixed for a particular domain. 

The Control Level is concerned with the mechanics of running the Task Level. It contains no domain knowledge and requires no design amendment when a new formulation system is built. Although the Task Level decides which tasks need running and the order in which they should run, the Control Level deals with the mechanics of actually running them and of passing control to them. 

Air dry or low force cured systems utilize either amines, amine adducts, or polyamide curing agents for polymerization. They can be formulated for spray, brush, roller or trowel type applications. Since these materials do use a catalyst to obtain curing, they will have a limited pot life. This can vary from one-quarter hour to 24 hours depending on the type of catalyst utilized and the amount of solvent in the formulation. Systems vary in their solvent content generally from 60% to 0% solvents. As the solvent decreases, the pot I ife also decreases substantially. 

It was our Initial aim to develop a basic oligomer or family of oligomers that. In suitably formulated systems, were relatively unaffected by the usual Inhibiting action of molecular oxygen. It was fortunate that In the early stages of the synthetic investigations such materials were obtained. Consequently, these newly synthesized oligomer structures became the basis for the Uvimer resins. Variants on the basic structures were later developed to obtain specific end-use properties. 

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