Standards, and Recommended Practices

Typical of the many thousands of items that are standardized in the field of engineering are limitations on the sizes and wall thicknesses of piping, specifications of the compositions of alloys, stipulation of the safety factors applied to strengths of construction materials, testing procedures for many kinds of materials, and so on. 

Although the safe design practices recommended by professional and trade associations have no legal standing where they have not actually been incorporated in a body of law, many of them have the respect and confidence of the engineering profession as a whole and have been accepted by insurance underwriters so they are widely observed. Even when they are only voluntary, standards constitute a digest of experience that represents a minimum requirement of good practice. 

Two publications by Burklin (References, Section 1.1, Part B) are devoted to standards of importance to the chemical industry. Listed are about 50 organizations and 60 topics with which they are concerned. National Bureau of Standards Publication 329 contains about 25,000 titles of U.S. standards. The NBS-SIS service maintains a reference collection of 200,000 items accessible by letter or phone. Information about foreign standards is obtainable through the American National Standards Institute (ANSI). 

A listing of codes and standards bearing directly on process 

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Instrument Society of America 400 Stanwix Street Pittsburgh, Pa. 15222 Standards l ibrary for Measurement and Control, 12th ed., 1994. Instmmentation standards and recommended practices abstracted from those of 19 societies, the U.S. Government, the Canadian Standards Association, and the British Standards Institute. Covers control instmments, including rotameters, aimunciators, transducers, thermocouples, flow meters, and pneumatic systems (see... 

Chemicals Chemical Manufacturers Association 2501 M Street, NW Washington, D.C. 20037 Manual of Standard and Recommended Practice ios. chemicals, containers, tank car unloading, and related procedures. 

In order to maintain a high level of air qualit), it is necessary to test airflow velocities and HEPA filters for integrity. These tests are described in a variety of standards and recommended practices depending on the use of the airflow bench. 

Hazards analysis techniques fall in two broad categories. Some techniques focus on hazards control by assuring that the design is in compliance with a pre-existing standard practice. These techniques result from prior hazards analysis, industry standards and recommended practices, results of incident and accident evaluations or similar facilities. Other techniques are predictive in that they can be applied to new situations where such pre-existing standard practices do not exist. 

The overall system for safety described above can be called the API System. It is based on a series of API Standards and Recommended Practices which can be summarized as a four step system with each succeeding step encompassing the preceding steps ... 

Standards and Recommended Practices of American Petroleum Institute ... 

Standards and Recommended Practices relating to corrosion monitoring are published by both ASTM and NACE. The Institute of Corrosion (UK) publishes European practices and experience via the NACE Technical Committe system. 

Manual of standard and recommended practices for containers, tank cars, pollution of air and water... 

Burklin, The Process Plant Designers Pocket Handbook of Codes and Standards, Gulf, Houston, 1979 also. Design codes standards and recommended practices, Encycl. Chem. Process. Des. 14, 416-431, Dekker, New York. 1982. 

As already mentioned in the previous chapter, SRVs are completely governed by local codes and regulations. However, since 2002 the two major worldwide codes are ASME and PED. Both are laws and are, in any case, the basis of most international codes. There might be detailed but usually irrelevant differences, but if it complies with either or both ASME and PED, it is my opinion that your system is safe. The main problem is that a lot of installations do not comply with ASME, PED or local codes because of misinterpretations of these codes, which we will try to address and clarify further in this handbook. The worldwide governing standards and recommended practices are API 520 and EN4126, and here the reasoning is the same as with the codes. 

Directly support Cooperative Research Projects for development and verilieation of pre-competitive data for use in eodes, standards and recommended practices. 

Association of Operating Room Nurses, Inc. Standards and Recommended practices Recommended practices for Surgical Hand Scrubs. 1995, pp. 185-190. 

AAMI. 1993. AAMI Standards and Recommended Practices, Biomedical Equipment, Vol. 2,4th ed. AAMI, Arlington, VA. 

In some industries, the safety control structure is called the safety management system (SMS). In civil aviation, ICAO (International Civil Aviation Authority) has created standards and recommended practices for safety management systems and individual countries have strongly recommended or required certified air carriers to establish such systems in order to control organizational factors that contribute to accidents. 

OTEC system performance and operational requirements Codes, standards, and recommended practices HECO requirements Possible impact on military operations near OAHU Aesthetic considerations Site-specific design conditions Site description Wind, wave design criteria Tsunamis Tides Currents... 

Another important type of ex ante social control is voluntary self-regulation by individual companies, and by industrial associations that develop codes of conduct, voluntary standards, and recommended practices for companies in their business sectors. Both of these forms of self-regulation often provide the technical expertise and proven best practices needed to support governmental regulatory regimes. ... 

As discussed in Chapter 7, the U.S. regulatory regime for offshore drilling has routinely and heavily relied on voluntary standards and recommended practices developed by API and other industrial and professional organizations in enacting... 

Finally, it should be noted that other regulatory regimes differ in their regard for and reliance on private standards and recommended practices, such as the U.S. regime discussed by Baram in Chapter 7. This leads us to the indirect safety norms. 

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