Carcinogenic risks

Acroleiu, iu lARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans. Some Monomers, Plastics and Synthetic Elastomers andMcrolein, Vol. 19, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France, 1979, pp. 479—494. 

Vanillin has a low potential for acute and chronic toxicity, with a reported oral LD q in rats of 1580—3300 mg/kg. Dietary doses up to 20,000 ppm adrninistered to rats for two years resulted in no adverse toxicologic or carcinogenic effects. Vanillin is classified as a GRAS substance by EEMA. Consequently, at levels normally found in the human diet, vanillin would present no significant health or carcinogenic risk to humans. 

The Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans Dy Cleaning, Some Chlorinated Solvents and Otherindustrial Chemicals, L4RC Monographs, 63 (Feb. 1995). 

For all three compounds, biological data relevant to the evaluation of carcinogenic risk to humans are summarized in the World Health Organization International Agency for Research on Cancer monograph (70). 

Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans, lARC Monographs, 1079, p. 195. 

UK Ministry of Agriculture Fisheries and Food and Flealth and Safety Executive, Annual Report of the Working Party on Pesticide Residues in Food (1997), MAFF Publications, London, 1997. lARC, Monographs on the Evabiation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Hnmans Volume 56 Some Naturally Occurring Substances Food Items and Constituents, Heterocyclic Aromatic Amines and Mycotoxins, WFIO, Geneva, 1979, p. 397. 

A summary of the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans by the International Agency for Research on Cancer is given in Table 5.17 together with the lARC reference. lARC classify carcinogens into four groups thus ... 

Table 5.17 Evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans by the lARC, as at 2000...

International Agency for Research on Cancer (1996) "Printing processes and printing inks, carbon black and some nitro compounds". lARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks ro humans, Vol. 6.5, pp. 67-70. Internarional Agency for RKsearch on Cancer, Lyon, France. 

This section describes how the tj pes of to.xicity inforniation arc considered in the to.xicity assessment for carcinogenic effects. A slope factor and the accompanying weight of evidence determination are the toxicity data most commonly used to evaluate potential human carcinogenic risks. The methods the USEPA uses to derive these values arc outlined below. 

Because the slope factor is often an upper 95 percentile confidence limit of the probability of response based on experimental animal data used in tlie multistage model, tlie carcinogenic risk estimate will generally be an upper-bound estimate. Tliis means tliat tlie EPA is reasonably confident tliat tlie true risk will not exceed the risk estimate derived tlirough use of tliis model and is likely to be less than tliat predicted. 

In health risk assessments, non carcinogenic risks are estimated via Hazard Indices . A general equation for a liazard index (HI) is as follows ... 

If tlie pollutant causes iui acute non carcinogenic risk, tlie inaximuin one hour concentration is used for C, and tlie acute reference exposure limit is used for tlie REL. Likewise, if tlie pollutant causes a clironic non carcinogenic risk, tlie one year average concentration is used, as is tlie clironic reference exposure limit. In tliis procedure, a Iiazard index is calculated for each pollutant separately, and tlien tlie indices are summed for each toxicological endpoint (i.e., tlie respiratory system, tlie central nervous system, etc.). Finally, tlie total hazard index is tlien compared to a value wliich is considered significant. 

For carcinogens, risks are estimated as the incremental probability of an indii idual developing ameer o er a lifetime as a result of exposure to the potential carcinogen. The slope factor (SF) converts estimated daily intakes averaged over a lifetime of exposure directly to incremental risk of an individual developing cancer. 

In health risk assessment, the carcinogenic risk calculation by inhalation (IR) can be calculated by ... 

From the detailed studies performed either using individual alcohol sulfates and alcohol ether sulfates or formulated products by oral administration and skin contact, no evidence of carcinogen risk was found. Similar conclusions were obtained when these sulfates or formulated products were tested for mutagenic and teratogenic properties. 

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