Commercial formulations

Commercial Stabilizers. There is a great variety of commercial formulations utilizing the mixture of the alkaU and alkaline-earth metal salts and soaps. In many cases, products are custom formulated to meet the needs of a particular appHcation or customer. The acidic ligands used ia these products vary widely and have dramatic effects on the physical properties of the PVC formulations. The choice of ligands can affect the heat stabiHty, rheology, lubricity, plate-out tendency, clarity, heat sealabiHty, and electrical and mechanical properties of the final products. No single representative formulation can cover the variety of PVC appHcations where these stabilizers are used. 

Diperoxyketals, and many other organic peroxides, are acid-sensitive, therefore removal of all traces of the acid catalysts must be accompHshed before attempting distillations or kinetic decomposition studies. The low molecular weight diperoxyketals can decompose with explosive force and commercial formulations are available only as mineral spirits or phthalate ester solutions. 

Because the regions of the alimentary tract vary widely ia pH and chemical composition, many different commercial formulations of barium sulfate are available. The final preparations of varyiag viscosity, density, and formulation stabiUty levels are controlled by the different size, shape, uniformity and concentration of barium sulfate particles and the presence of additives. The most important additives are suspending and dispersiag agents used to maintain the suspension stabiUty. Commercial preparations of barium sulfate iaclude bulk and unit-dose powders and suspensions and principal manufacturers are E-Z-EM (Westbury, New York), Lafayette-Pharmacol, Inc. (Lafayette, Indiana), and Picker International, Inc. (Cleveland, Ohio). 

Surfactants in E/ectroc/eaners. Surfactants typically consist of a long-chain hydrocarbon molecule having a solubilising or water-loving group which can be anionic, cationic, or nonionic when solubilized. Thousands of surfactant products are marketed, usually under trade names (32). In commercially formulated electrocleaners, surfactants are usually anionic, and often mixtures of anionics and nonionics. 

Three different commercial formulations of silicone sealants from Dow Corning was used in the NSF sponsored studies. They were DC-790, DC-995, and DC-983, in the order of increasing modulus. Dumbbell test coupons (samples) were prepared as per the ASTM standards. Some test coupons were maintained at ambient conditions as control and the rest were subjected to simulated weathering. The weathered coupons were removed from the test layout at regular intervals of time and were tested for any changes in crosslink density due to exposure. 

This chapter deals with sodium a-olefinsulfonate (AOS) and with sodium internal olefmsulfonate (IOS). AOS is a well-established product and is being applied in many household and industrial formulations. IOS of a sufficiently high quality has only recently been made on laboratory scale and pilot plant scale and has not yet been applied in commercial formulations. AOS and IOS have not only good wetting and detergency properties, but also good tolerance toward water hardness ions, a combination not always observed for other anionic surfactants. 

Although IOS have not yet appeared in commercial formulations, several patents have claimed their use in LDLs and in other cleaning formulations. As an example, Kok et al. [8] have described the use of IOS containing 75% (3-hydroxysulfonate in a dishwashing detergent. Their patent also claims the use of IOS in granular and in liquid laundry detergents as well as in all-purpose cleaners. 

Exposure of two species of freshwater fish to 0.106 ppb of a commercial formulation containing 50% methyl parathion increased serum levels of T3 and reduced T4 (Bhattacharya 1993). This effect was attributed to inhibition of acetylcholinesterase activity in the fish brain, but no direct evidence was presented. Similar treatment of freshwater perch for 35 days resulted in decreased release of progesterone from the ovaries (Bhattacharya and Mondal 1997). Also, treatment of freshwater perch for up to 90 days with methyl parathion induced a decrease in the gonadosomatic index (not defined) after day 15 of... 

Adhya TK, Barik S, Sethunathan N. 1981. Stability of commercial formulation of fenitrothion, methyl parathion, and parathion in anaerobic soils. J Agric Food Chem 29 90-93. 

Ortiz D, Yanez L, Gomez H, et al. 1995. Acute toxicological effects in rats treated with a mixture of commercially formulated products containing methyl parathion and permethrin. Ecotoxicol Environ Safety 32 154-158. 

Sartorelli P, Aprea C, Bussani R, et al. 1997. In vitro percutaneous penetration of methyl-parathion from a commercial formulation through the human skin. Occup Environ Med 54 524-525. 

A variety of formulations of salicylic acid have been used as peeling agents. These include 50% ointment formulations (Table 6.1) [2,3], as well as 10, 20 and 30% ethanol formulations (Table 6.2) [4,6]. More recently, commercial formulations of salicylic acid have become available (BioGlan Pharmaceuticals Company, Malvern, PA Bionet Esthetics, Little Rock, AR). 

Table 5.1.1 lists patents covering emulsification as a technique to obtain carotenoid formulas. Table 5.1.2 summarizes commercial formulations contaiifing natural colorants and food applications. 

Commercial Formulations of Natural Colors Approved for Addition to Foods... 

In a further attempt to improve properties, Brauer, McLaughlin Huget (1968) examined the use of alumina as a reinforcing filler. Alumina is considerably more rigid than fused quartz. They achieved a considerable increase in strength. The preferred composition was the powder defined in Table 9.4, which had a compressive strength of 91 MPa. This zinc oxide based powder was the one most commonly used in subsequent studies by Brauer and coworkers. We shall refer to it as the EBA powder for it is the one used in commercial formulations and in a number of experimental studies. 

End-use formulations should be used as the test substance. If an active ingredient is marketed in two commercial formulations, then both should be used in the study, since there may be differences in residue levels and dissipation rates, e.g., a wettable powder versus a liquid formulation. The best solution would be plots located at the same site for a side-by-side comparison. This should only be necessary at one of the sites. However, each formulation should be represented in the study unless a strong case can be made for a worst-case scenario. 

Calcitonin is a naturally occurring mammalian hormone that plays a major role in regulation of calcium levels. It inhibits bone resorption by binding to osteoclast receptors. Compared with mammalian calcitonin, salmon calcitonin has high potency and extended duration of action. Although commercial formulations of calcitonin-salmon actually are synthetic and not derived from salmon, they contain the same amino acid sequence as calcitonin of salmon origin. 

When a given material has been demonstrated by screening techniques to have potential value as an insecticide, there then arises the still broader question of how to evaluate its usefulness for specific applications under practical conditions. Then this information must be extended by development of suitable commercial formulations, with due regard to their effectiveness and safety in the hands of the average user, who is the ultimate link in the efficient use of insecticides. 

Phenoxyacids (PA) have been widely used as herbicides in agriculture, forestry, and, to a lesser extent, garden activities. The principal products are represented by 2,4-D (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid) 2,4,5-T (2,4,5-trichlo-rophenoxyacetic acid) and MCPA (4-chloro, 2-methylphenoxyacetic acid) (Stevens and Sumner, 1991). 2,4,5-T has been banned in many countries for a long time because of contamination of the commercial formulations of 2,4,5-T by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzodioxin. At present, dioxin contamination of these formulations has been reduced to very low concentrations. 

Cosurfactants have not been employed in the present study. However, surfactants from commercial sources will contain isomers and manufacturing impurities. Nevertheless, a major aim of this study has been to address the performance characteristics of commercial formulations. Wherever appropriate, hydrophobic... 

Dyes having the same Cl generic name but made by different manufacturers may also require different amounts of electrolyte to be added to the dyebath, according to the amount of electrolyte present in the commercial formulation. A typical instruction is to use from 0 to... 

Williamson, E.G., S.F. Long, M.J. Kallman, and M.C. Wilson. 1989. A comparative analysis of the acute toxicity of technical-grade pyrethroid insecticides and their commercial formulations. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Safely 18 27-34. 

Water-dispersible granule formulation is considered to be the first commercial formulation enabling storage of S. carpocapsae for 6 months at 25°C at a concentration of over 300,000 infective juveniles per gram (Grewal 2000). When stored at... 

McGaughey, W.H. 1982. Evaluation of commercial formulations of Bacillus thuringiensis for control of Indianmeal moth and almond moth in stored inshell peanuts. J. Econ. Entomol. 75, 754-757. 

All these derivatives showed significant photocytotoxic activity, with a phototoxic effect lower than the one observed with the commercial formulation Photofrin , when the dead cells were counted immediately after irradiation. 

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