Liquids, flammable

Hammable liquids are classified in [29]. The properties of the liquids which form the basis for classification are given in Table 2.21. 

Ignition refers to the phenomenon occurring when the vapor arising from a flammable liquid begins to bum when an ignition source is introduced into the air space above the surface of the liquid. The lowest temperature at which ignition occurs is called the flash 

The heading of Class 3 covers substances and articles containing substances of this Class, which are liquids that 

The heading of Class 3 also covers liquid substances and molten solid substances with a flash-point of more than 61°C and which are carried or handed over for carriage while at temperatures equal to or higher than their flashpoint. 

The heading of Class 3 also covers liquid desensitized explosives. Liquid desensitized explosives are explosive substances which are dissolved or suspended in water or other hquid substances to form a homogeneous liquid mixture to suppress their explosive properties. 

FI Flammable Hquids having a flash-point of or below 61 °C F2 Flammable Hquids having a flash-point above 61 °C which are carried or handed over for carriage at or above their flash-point (elevated temperature substances) 

Substances and articles classified in Class 3 are Hsted in Ikble A of Chapter 3.2 of the ADR Regulation. 

Compared to normal perfumes, cologne spirits contain a relatively high alcohol-fragrance ratio (up to 80% for solid deodorants) to impart a pleasant cooling effect on application as the alcohol draws heat from the skin to evaporate. As liquids, gels, pastes, or solids, colognes may be flammable liquids or flammable solids. 

Consumer commodity, see Miscellaneous Dangerous Goods (including Class 9), p.l58 

Corrosive Corrosive, liquid, n.o.s. Corrosive, solid, n.o.s., see Corrosives and Class 8, p.47 

Flammable solid inorganic, n.o.s., see Flammable Solids and Division 4.1, p.99 Flammable solvents. Flammable Liquids and Class 3, p.96 

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Vapor cloud explosions. Explosions which occur in the open air are vapor cloud explosions. A vapor cloud explosion is one of the most serious hazards in the process industries. Although a large toxic release may have a greater disaster potential, vapor cloud explosions tend to occur more frequently. Most vapor cloud explosions have been the result of leaks of flashing flammable liquids. 

The best way to deal with a hazard in a flowsheet is to remove it completely. The provision of safety systems to control the hazard is much less satisfactory. One of the principal approaches to making a process inherently safe is to limit the inventory of hazardous material, called intensification of hazardous material. The inventories we wish to avoid most of all are flashing flammable liquids or flashing toxic liquids. 

Ammonium nitrate Acids, metal powders, flammable liquids, chlorates, nitrites, sulfur, flnely divided organic or combustible materials, perchlorates, urea... 

Chromic(VI) acid Acetic acid, acetic anhydride, acetone, alcohols, alkali metals, ammonia, dimethylformamide, camphor, glycerol, hydrogen sulflde, phosphorus, pyridine, selenium, sulfur, turpentine, flammable liquids in general... 

Hydrogen peroxide Copper, chromium, iron, most metals or their salts, alcohols, acetone, organic materials, flammable liquids, combustible materials... 

Nitric acid, fuming Organic matter, nonmetals, most metals, ammonia, chlorosulfonic acid, chromium trioxide, cyanides, dichromates, hydrazines, hydrides, HCN, HI, hydrogen sulflde, sulfur dioxide, sulfur halides, sulfuric acid, flammable liquids and gases... 

Shipping name AN-64, Toxic Liquids, Flammable, Organic, N.O.S. (2-amino-2-methylpropanenitrile). AN-67, Toxic Liquids, Flammable, Organic, N.O.S. (2-amino-2-methylbutanenitrile). AN-52, Toxic Liquids, Flammable, Organic, N.O.S. (2-amino-2,4-dimethylpentanenitrile). AN-88, Flammable Liquids, Toxic, N.O.S. (1-amino cyclohexane carbonittile). 

Containers less than bulk must bear the red diamond-shaped "FLAMMABLE LIQUID" label. Bulk containers must display the red "FLAMMABLE" placard in association with the UN1090 identification. Fire is the main ha2ard in emergencies resulting from spills. Some manufacturers provide transportation emergency response information. A listing of properties and ha2ard response information for acetone is pubHshed by the U.S. 

Acrolein is a DOT Flammable Liquid having subsidiary DOT hazard classifications of Poison B and Corrosive Material. It is also an inhalation hazard that falls under the special packaging requirements of 49 CER 173.3a. 

Acrylonitrile is transported by rail car, barge, and pipeline. Department of Transportation (DOT) regulations require labeling acrylonitrile as a flammable Hquid and poison. Transport is regulated under DOT 49 CFR 172.101. Bill of lading description is Acrylonitrile, Flammable Liquid, Poison B, UN 1093 RQ. ... 

DMF can be purchased ia steel dmms (DOT 17E, UNlAl, 410 lbs net = 186 kg), tank tmcks, and railcars. On Oct. 1, 1993, new regulations in the United States were estabUshed for DMF under HM-181 the official shipping name is /V, /V- dim ethyl form am i de (shipping designation UN 2265, Packing Group III, Flammable Liquid). Formerly, it was classified as a Combustible Liquid in bulk quantities, but as "Not Regulated" in dmms (49 CFR). International overseas shipments have an IMCO classification of 3.3. 

Hexane is classified as a flammable liquid by the ICC, and normal handling precautions for this type of material should be observed. According to the ACGIH, the maximum concentration of hexane vapor in air to which a worker may be exposed without danger of adverse health effects is 125 ppm benzene is rated at 10 ppm. 

The U.S. domestic shipping name of isopropyl alcohol is UN No. 1219 Isopropanol. Anhydrous as well as water solutions to 91 vol % alcohol are considered flammable Hquid materials by the DOT. Both have flash poiats below 37.8°C by the Tag closed-cup method. Acceptable modes of transportation include air, rail, road, and water (124). For international air and water shipments, the International Maritime Organization (IMO) class is 3.2, the packaging group is II, and the primary hazard label required is "Flammable Liquid."... 

Benzene [71-43-2] 6 6 volatile, colorless, and flammable liquid aromatic hydrocarbon possessing a distinct, characteristic odor. Benzene is used as a... 

Unloading Flammable Liquids from Tank Cars, Manual Sheet TC-4, Manufactuting Chemists Association, Washiagton, D.C., 1969. 

Volume 1 of National Fire Codes (National Fire Protection Association, Quincy, Massachusetts) contains recommendations (Code 30) for venting, drainage, and dike construction of tanks for flammable liquids. 

It should not be assumed that just because there is no seal, sealless pumps are always safer than pumps with seals, even with the advanced technology now available in sealless pumps. Use sealless pumps with considerable caution when handling hazardous or flammable liquids. 

Flash Point and Flammable Limits Flash points and flammable hmits in percent by volume have been tabulated by the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) (National Fire Protection Association, Fire Hazard Properties of Flammable Liquids, Gases, and... 

Some flammable liquids generate a vapor pressure close to the Cjt near normal room temperature, as shown in Table 26-15. 

Flammable liquids are considered particularly static-prone if their elec trical conductivity is within the range of 0.1 to 10 pS/m. If no particulates or immiscible liquid are present, these prodlic ts are considered safe when their conductivity has been raised to 50 pS/m or higher. Blending operations or other two-phase mixing may cause such a high rate of charging that a conductivity of at least 1000 pS/m is needed for safe charge dissipation (British Standard 5958, part 1, Control of Undesirable Static Electricity, para. 8, 1991). 

In November 1990 a fire occurred at a flammable liquid tank farm supporting Denver s Stapleton international airport. Eight of the farm s twelve storage tanks contained jet fuel, totaling almost 4.2 million gallons. The fire burned for 55 hours, destroying seven tanks. 

Liquid spills. Possibil- Provide spill control through adequate ity of accumulation of drainage and curbs or dikes flammable liquids. adequate ventilation resulting in fire or explosion hazard. down systems Minimize possibility of ignition Minimize possibility of spills API RP 750 CCPS G-22 CCPS G-24 CCPS G-30 Lees 1996 NFPA 69 NFPA-15... 

For reactors containing flammable liquids, where the reactor design pressure is insufficient to contain a deflagration, consideration should be given to providing an inert gas blanket (usually nitrogen). 

Overfill drum due Calibrate weighing devices and maintain equip-to operator error ment in good working order or valve failure,. metering pumps can lead to opera- tor exposure, slip- fill operation with weighing device pery floors, spread of flammable liquids. CCPS G-3 CCPS G-15 CCPS G-22 CCPS G-29... 

NFPA 497 Classification of Flammable Liquids, Gases, or Vapors and of Hazardous (Classified) Locations for Electrical Installations in Chemical Process Areas, 1997 edition. National Fire Protection Association, Quincy, MA. 

Combustible Eiquid A term used to classify certain liquids that will burn on the basis of flash points. The National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) defines a combustible liquid as having a flash point of 100°F (37.8°C) or higher. See also, Flammable Liquid. Class II liquids have flash points at or above 100°F, but below 140°F. Class III liquids are subdivided into two subclasses. 

Elammable Liquid A Flammable Liquid is defined by NFPA as a liquid with a flash point below 100°F (37.8°C). Flammable liquids provide ignitable vapor at room temperatures and must be handled with caution. Precautions... 

Sodium (metal). Used as a fine wire or as chips, for more completely drying ethers, saturated hydrocarbons and aromatic hydrocarbons which have been partially dried (for example with calcium chloride or magnesium sulfate). Unsuitable for acids, alcohols, alkyl halides, aldehydes, ketones, amines and esters. Reacts violently if water is present and can cause a fire with highly flammable liquids. 

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