Liquid homogeneous mixture

A solution is a homogeneous mixture. Can you give an example of a gaseous homogeneous mixture A liquid homogeneous mixture A solid homogeneous mixture ... 

The efflux can be of a liquid, homogeneous mixture or steam, as chosen by the user. 

At this point, for clarification purposes, some remarks should be given to the terms melt and solution equilibria. Particularly driven from the application, that is, whether one refers to melt or to solution crystallization (the term solution used here to characterize a liquid homogeneous mixture with a classical solvent as one component), it is frequently distinguished between both, what is not mandatory from thermodynamic viewpoint. Generally, a solution is a homogeneous... 

Although in formulating such mixtures it is in principle immaterial whether the components used are solid or liquid, homogeneous mixtures are in fact normally obtained straightforwardly only with liquidiliquid combinations. They can be ob-... 

Homogeneous reaction Reaction with heat transfer Liquid-liquid mixtures Liquid-gas mixtures Slumes... 

When water-miscible ionic liquids are used as solvents, and when the products are partly or totally soluble in these ionic liquids, the addition of polar solvents, such as water, in a separation step after the reaction can make the ionic liquid more hydrophilic and facilitate the separation of the products from the ionic liquid/water mixture (Table 5.3-2, case e). This concept has been developed by Union Carbide for the hydroformylation of higher alkenes catalyzed by Rh-sulfonated phosphine ligand in the N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP)/water system. Thanks to the presence of NMP, the reaction is performed in one homogeneous phase. After the reaction. 

When temperature is constant and at equilibrium for a homogeneous mixture (such as azeotrope), the composition of the liquid is identical with the composition of the vapor, thus xj = y, and the relative volatility is equal to 1.0. 

Let us consider a system formed of a homogeneous mixture of Nx mols of a non-volatile solute with N2 mols of a volatile solvent, together with a further n2 mols of pure liquid solvent. 

A homogeneous mixture of two or more components, whether solid, liquid, or gaseous, is called a solution. Solutions have variable composition while pure substances do not. That is, the relative amounts of the various components in a solution can vary. Thus, air, salt water, and sixteen carat gold are each solutions. The gemstone, ruby, is also a solution since it consists of the mineral corundum (AI2O3) with some of the aluminum replaced by chromium to give the crystal its characteristic color. Since the amount of chromium present can be varied, ruby is a solution. 

Bowers and Mudawar (1994a) performed an experimental smdy of boiling flow within mini-channel (2.54 mm) and micro-channel d = 510 pm) heat sink and demonstrated that high values of heat flux can be achieved. Bowers and Mudawar (1994b) also modeled the pressure drop in the micro-channels and minichannels, using the Collier (1981) and Wallis (1969) homogenous equilibrium model, which assumes the liquid and vapor phases form a homogenous mixture with equal and uniform velocity, and properties were assumed to be uniform within each phase. 

Decide whether each of the following molecular pictures represents a pure substance, a homogeneous mixture, or a heterogeneous mixture. Tell whether the sample Is a solid, a liquid, or a gas. 

In the sample on the right, four atoms of one type are distributed evenly through a larger collection of atoms of a second type. This Is a homogeneous mixture. Notice that the sample Is spread across the bottom of the container, but It Is also confined to a specific volume. These features Identify the sample as a liquid. 

A solution is a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances. As described in Chapter 3, a solution contains a solvent and one or more solutes. The solvent determines the state of the solution, and normally the solvent is the component present in the greatest quantity. The most common solutions are liquids with water as solvent, but solutions exist in all three states of matter. The atmosphere of our planet, air, is a gaseous solution with molecular nitrogen as the solvent. Steel is a solid solution containing solutes such as chromium and carbon that add strength to the solvent, iron. 

A homogeneous mixture of diethyl ether and nitric acid decomposes vigorously after a latency period during which the medium splits into two liquid phases. One of them was attributed to the formation of ethyl nitrate, which is unstable. 

With diethyl ether, dichloroacetylene forms an azeotrope that contains 55.4% of dichloroacetylene, which is not explosive and is stable in air. If this solution is cooled excessively, the chlorinated derivative separates by forming a second liquid layer that can detonate when the compound is stirred or when the cap that seals the bottle is turned. The same thing happens when the homogeneous mixture is stirred with water. It is prepared safely by adding a catalytic quantity of methanoi to a mixture of trichloroethylene and potassium hydride in tetrahydrofuran. 

All applications of the lattice-gas model to liquid-liquid interfaces have been based upon a three-dimensional, typically simple cubic lattice. Each lattice site is occupied by one of a variety of particles. In the simplest case the system contains two kinds of solvent molecules, and the interactions are restricted to nearest neighbors. If we label the two types of solvents molecules S and Sj, the interaction is specified by a symmetrical 2x2 matrix w, where each element specifies the interaction between two neighboring molecules of type 5, and Sj. Whether the system separates into two phases or forms a homogeneous mixture, depends on the relative strength of the cross-interaction W]2 with respect to the self-inter-action terms w, and W22, which can be expressed through the combination ... 

The designation (aq) indicates a water solution. (Three other chemical states and their formula notations include liquid [1], solid [s], and gas [g].) The substance is in a solution, which is defined as a homogenous mixture of two or more substances. Homogenous means that the solution has a uniform chemical makeup. In other words, if you took samples of a solution from two different areas of its container, the two samples would look the same and have the same chemical composition, as would, say, two spoon-0 fills of vanilla ice cream scooped from different parts of the same... 

On the other hand, rather than partially vaporize a liquid, the starting point could have been a homogeneous mixture of components in the vapor phase and the vapor partially condensed. There would still have been a separation, as the liquid that was formed would be richer in the less-volatile components, while the vapor would have become depleted in the less-volatile components. Again, the distribution of components between the vapor and liquid is dictated by vapor-liquid equilibrium considerations if the system is allowed to come to equilibrium. 

Like gas absorption, liquid-liquid extraction separates a homogeneous mixture by the addition of another phase - in this case, an immiscible liquid. Liquid-liquid extraction carries out separation by contacting a liquid feed with another immiscible liquid. The equipment used for liquid-liquid extraction is the same as that used for the liquid-liquid reactions illustrated in Figure 7.4. The separation occurs as a result of components in the feed distributing themselves differently between the two liquid phases. The liquid with which the feed is contacted is known as the solvent. The solvent extracts solute from the feed. The solvent-rich stream obtained from the separation is known as the extract and the residual feed from which the solute has been extracted is known as the raffinate. 

Homogeneous mixtures of concentrated peroxide with alcohols or other peroxide-miscible organic liquids are capable of detonation by shock or heat [1]. Furfuryl alcohol ignites in contact with 85% peroxide within 1 s [2], Detonability limits of mixtures with 2-propanol have been measured. Approximately stoichiometric combinations of 50% hydrogen peroxide and the alcohol could be made to detonate, as could a wider range of mixtures with higher test peroxide [3],... 

D-Glucosamine hydrochloride (25 g.) and 6.1 g. of sodium carbonate are dissolved in 50 ml. of water. Then, 25 ml. of ethyl acetoacetate is added, followed by enough acetone to make the liquid homogeneous. The mixture is kept for four days and is then evaporated to dryness under diminished pressure. The residue is recrystallized from water, with treatment with Norit, and the crystals are dried over anhydrous calcium chloride yield, 10.8 g. m. p., 141-142°.58... 

In this chapter, you learned about solutions. A solution is a homogeneous mixture composed of a solvent and one or more solutes. Solutions may be unsaturated, saturated, or supersaturated. Solution concentration units include percentage, molarity, molality, and mole fraction. The solubility of solids in liquids normally increases with increasing temperature, but the reverse is true of gases dissolving in liquids. The solubility of gases in liquids increases with increasing pressure. 

Summary A solution is a homogeneous mixture composed of a solvent and one or more solutes. The solvent is the substance that acts as the dissolving medium and is normally present in the greatest amount. Commonly the solvent is a liquid, but it doesn t have to be. Our atmosphere is a solution with nitrogen as the solvent it is the gas present in the largest amount (79%). Many times you will be dealing with a solution in which water is the solvent, an aqueous solution. The solute is the substance that the solvent dissolves and is normally present in the smaller amount. You may have more than one solute in a solution. For example, if you dissolved table salt (sodium chloride) and table sugar (sucrose) in water, you would have one solvent (water) and two solutes (sodium chloride and sucrose). 

In microwave-assisted synthesis, a homogeneous mixture is preferred to obtain a uniform heating pattern. For this reason, silica gel is used for solvent-free (open-vessel) reactions or, in sealed containers, dipolar solvents of the DMSO type. Welton (1999), in a review, recommends ionic liquids as novel alternatives to the dipolar solvents. Ionic liquids are environmentally friendly and recyclable. They have excellent dielectric properties and absorb microwave irradiation in a very effective manner. They exhibit a very low vapor pressure that is not seriously enhanced during microwave heating. This makes the process not so dangerous as compared to conventional dipolar solvents. The polar participants of organic ion-radical reactions are perfectly soluble in polar ionic liquids. 

A homogeneous mixture of a liquid, known as the solvent, with one or more solids or gases (the solute) dissolved in that hquid. Solutions can also be formed by two or more miscible liquids. In such cases, the solvent is that liquid with the largest mole fraction. 

Colloid chemistry investigates substance mixtures. These substance mixtures can be heterogenous, such as emulsions (in which tiny droplets of one liquid are dispersed in another), suspensions (consisting of a fine dispersion of solid particles in a liquid volume phase), and aerosols (in which liquid droplets are dispersed in the gas phase). However, there are also homogenous mixtures in which the solute is present in larger, supermolecular aggregates. These homogenous mixtures include micellar solutions and liquid crystalline... 

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