Bulk quantities

X < 0 and c = 0 for x > 0. This procedure also depends on layering liquids, but it is easier to do this with bulk quantities of material than to sandwich a thin layer between two bulk portions of solvent as required above. 

Shipment, Stora.ge, ndPrice. Tank cars and tank trailers, selected to prevent color formation, are of aluminum or stainless steel, or lined with epoxy or phenoHc resins dmms are lined with phenoHc resins. Flexible stainless steel hose is used for transfer. Because of butanediol s high freezing point (about 20°C) tank car coil heaters are provided. The U.S. Hst price for bulk quantities in 1991 was about 2.18/kg, but heavy discounting was prevalent for large contracts. 

Hie common acrylic ester monomers are combustible liquids. Commercially, acrylic monomers are shipped with DOT red labels in bulk quantities, tank cars, or tank tmcks. Mild steel is the usual material of choice for the constmction of bulk storage facilities for acrylic monomers. Moisture must be excluded to avoid msting of the tanks and contamination of the monomers. Copper or copper alloys must not be allowed to contact acrylic monomers intended for use in polymerization because copper is an inhibitor (67). 

Because of the high costs of raw materials and the relatively complex synthesis, the 2-cyanoacryhc esters are moderately expensive materials when considered in bulk quantities. Depending on the quantity and the specific ester or formulation involved, the prices for cyanoacryhc ester adhesives can range from approximately 30/kg to over 1000/kg. For these reasons, as weU as several technical factors related to handling and performance, cyanoacryhc ester adhesives are best suited to small bonding apphcations, very often where single drops or small beads are adequate for bonding. In such cases the cost of the adhesive becomes inconsequential compared to the value of the service it performs, and these adhesives become very economical to use. 

DMF can be purchased ia steel dmms (DOT 17E, UNlAl, 410 lbs net = 186 kg), tank tmcks, and railcars. On Oct. 1, 1993, new regulations in the United States were estabUshed for DMF under HM-181 the official shipping name is /V, /V- dim ethyl form am i de (shipping designation UN 2265, Packing Group III, Flammable Liquid). Formerly, it was classified as a Combustible Liquid in bulk quantities, but as "Not Regulated" in dmms (49 CFR). International overseas shipments have an IMCO classification of 3.3. 

Eastman Chemical Co. is the only manufacturer of this glycol. Prices in 1993 were 1.20/kg for bulk quantities. 

Other routes for hydroxybenzaldehydes are the electrolytic or catalytic reduction of hydroxybenzoic acids (65,66) and the electrolytic or catalytic oxidation of cresols (67,68). (see Salicylic acid and related compounds). Sahcylaldehyde is available in drums and bulk quantities. The normal specification is a freezing point minimum of 1.4°C. 4-Hydroxybenzaldehyde is available in fiber dmms, and has a normal specification requirement of a 114°C initial melting point. More refined analytical methods are used where the appHcation requires more stringent specifications. 

Historical hst prices for bulk quantities of selected methacrylates ate given in Table 7 (134). The historical price trends reflect the combined effects of improved manufacturing capabihty and the market price of cmde oil, the basic raw material to which these materials are ultimately tied. 

Table 3 gives the 1990 prices for bulk quantities and the net weights packaged in dmms or bags Table 4 gives the specifications. 

Methylphenol. This phenol, commonly known as o-cresol, is produced synthetically by the gas phase alkylation of phenol with methanol using modified alumina catalysis or it may be recovered from naturally occurring petroleum streams and coal tars. Most is produced synthetically. Reaction of phenol with methanol using modified zeoHte catalysts is a concerted dehydration of the methanol and alkylation of the aromatic ring. 2-Methylphenol [95-48-7] is available in 55-gal dmms (208-L) and in bulk quantities in tank wagons and railcars. 

Methylphenol. T -Cresol is produced synthetically from toluene. Toluene is sulfonated to yield T i ra-toluenesulfonic acid, which is then converted to 4-methylphenol via the caustic fusion route. A minor amount of 4-methylphenol is also derived from petroleum cmde and coal tars. 4-Methylphenol [106-44-5] is available in 55-gal dmms (208-L) and in bulk quantities as a molten material. 

Di-/ f2 -amylphenol [25231-47-4] is available in 55-gal dmms (208-L) and bulk quantities in tank wagon and railcar shipments. 

Numerous schemes can be devised to classify deposition processes. The scheme used herein is based on the dimensions of the depositing species, ie, atoms and molecules, softened particles, Hquid droplets, bulk quantities, or the use of a surface-modification process (1,2). Coating methods are as foHow (2) ... 

The traditional natural resins are collected or isolated from trees, primarily in the more moderate climates of the world. Before World War II, annual consumption of these resins in the United States was about 18,000—23,000 t. This dropped to about 9000 t/yr by the late 1940s. The total imported volume in 1995 is estimated at <500 t. These resins have been replaced by synthetic resins in most industrial appHcations. Traditional natural resins are sold in bulk quantities for about 1.32— 6.60/kg. Special grades of these resins are sold for as much as 132/kg. The largest importer of traditional natural resins is P. 

Physical piopeities of suciose aie summarized ia Table 2. Sucrose is one of the purest substances available in bulk quantities, with purities averaging — 99.96%. Water accounts for about half of the nonsugar impurities (17). 

Physical Properties. Methanesulfonic acid [75-75-2] (MSA), CH SO H, is a clear, colorless, strong organic acid available in bulk quantities from Elf Atochem North America as a 70% solution and on an anhydrous basis (100%). MSA is soluble in water and in many organic solvents. Its physical properties ate described in Table 10. 

ThaUous sulfate, thaUous nitrate, and thaUous and thaUic oxide are the main compounds produced in bulk quantities by Noah Chemical. Approximately 20 other thallium compounds are also available commercially from Noah Chemical, Cooper Chemical, and Alfa Products, Ventron Division, Thiokol Corporation, in research and production quantities. However, demand for thallium compounds is small and limited to such appHcations as synthetic or analytical reagents. 

Sales of thiophene in the 1990s amount to hundreds of metric tons per year. SuppHes are available worldwide from Synthetic Chemicals Ltd. (SCL) in the United Kingdom and Elf-Atochem SA in France. There is currendy no U.S. producer of thiophene or the principal thiophene derivatives. At these levels of demand, material is shipped in 200-hter dmms and in bulk quantities. Market price is dependent on the level of off-take. 3-Methylthiophene is also available from SCL, but demand is low and even lower in the case of 2-methylthiophene lower production and lower market demand have led to higher prices for these derivatives. 

Since 1970, the price per ton for bulk quantities of technical-grade borax pentahydrate from United States producers has changed dramatically. 

Storage and Transportation. Brornine in bulk quantities is shipped domestically in 7570 L and 15,140 Llead-Hned pressure tank cars or... 

From 1980 through 1987, the market price fluctuated between 395 and 595 per metric ton, ending up at 550 per ton in 1987 (1,10). Since the beginning of 1990, the U.S. contract price for bulk quantities of cumene has shown a general downward trend. A compilation of prices from then until the end of April 1992 shows prices starting the period at 520 per metric ton. For a brief period from late 1990 to early 1991, the price rose to levels around 550 per ton, but from then until April 1992, the price decreased to a steady value of 425 per ton (11). 

List price for shipment of bulk quantities as of July, 1992. Product marketed under a variety of commercial names. Contained PIP basis. 

The bulk density of powdered diatomite varies from 112 to 320 kg/m. The tme specific gravity of diatomite is 2.1 to 2.2, the same as for opaline sihca, or opal (1). The thermal conductivity of bulk quantities of diatomite is low but increases with higher percentages of impurities and a higher density. The fusion point depends on the purity but averages about 1430°C for pure material, which is slightly less than for pure siUca. The addition of chemical agents, such as soda ash, reduces the fusion point. 

Estimations based on statistics can be made for total accuracy, precision, and reproducibility of results related to the sampling procedure being applied. Statistical error is expressed in terms of variance. Total samphng error is the sum of error variance from each step of the process. However, discussions herein will take into consideration only step (I)—mechanical extraction of samples. Mechanical-extracdion accuracy is dependent on design reflecding mechanical and statistical factors in carrying out efficient and practical collection of representative samples S from a bulk quantity B,... 

Repeating an axiom stated earher, mechanical samplers are designed to extrac t increments of sample from a bulk quantity of material B in a manner that increments S are representative within statistical bounds of the bulk B. Further, the sampler is designed and constructed in conformance to criteria stated previously under Mechanical Delimitations of Sampling to assure that negligible errors arise from mechanical influence. 

Storage Segregated storage Uncongested storage of combustibles gangways/adequate breaks Material stacked in the open should be away from windows Flammable liquids in properly designed storerooms bulk quantities in fixed, bunded, adequately spaced tanks... 

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