FILLS operator

Department of Defense DOD Engineers Corps, dredge and fill operations, waterways, etc... 

Packaging. The beer in pressure tanks is transferred to bottling, canning, and racking, or in some cases, to road tankers. During this filling operation it is important that the beer does not come into contact with oxygen, does not lose carbon dioxide, and is not contaminated by molds, yeasts, or bacteria. 

Metal Cleaning. Citric acid, partially neutralized to - pH 3.5 with ammonia or triethanolamine, is used to clean metal oxides from the water side of steam boilers and nuclear reactors with a two-step single fill operation (104—122). The resulting surface is clean and passivated. This process has a low corrosion rate and is used for both pre-operational mill scale removal and operational cleaning to restore heat-transfer efficiency. 

Depression method. At locations where natural or artificial depressions exist, it is often possible to use them effectively for land-filling operations. Canyons, ravines, dty borrow pits, and quarries have oeen used for this purpose. The techniques to place and compact solid wastes in depression landfills vary with the geometiy of the site, the characteristics of the cover material, the hydrology and geology of the site, and access of the site. 

The use of clay has been the favored method of reducing or ehmi-nating the percolation of leachate (see Fig. 25-74 and Table 25-73). Membrane liners are used most often today but require care so that they will not be damaged during the filling operations. Equally important in controlhng the movement of leachate is the ehmination of surface-water infiltration, which is the major contributor to the total volume of leachate. With the use of an impermeable clay layer, mem-... 

Overfill drum due Calibrate weighing devices and maintain equip-to operator error ment in good working order or valve failure,. metering pumps can lead to opera- tor exposure, slip- fill operation with weighing device pery floors, spread of flammable liquids. CCPS G-3 CCPS G-15 CCPS G-22 CCPS G-29... 

Figure 5.6 shows an extract from the HTA of the chlorine tanker filling operation which will be used as an example. The first level (numbered 1,2,3, etc.) indicates the tasks that have to be carried out to achieve the overall objective. These tasks are then broken down to a further level of detail as required. As well as illustrating the hierarchical nature of the analysis. Figure 5.6 shows that plans, such as those associated with operation 3.2, can be quite complex. The term operation is used to indicate a task, subtask, or task step, depending on the level of detail of the analysis. 

The error reduction analysis concludes one complete cycle of the qualitative human error analysis component of the methodology set out in Figure 5.4. The analyst then decides if it is appropriate to perform a more detailed analysis on any of the operations considered at the current level. As a result of this process, operations 3.2 Monitor tanker following operation, 4.1 Stop filling operation, 4.2 Disconnect tanker, and 4.4 Secure tanker are analyzed in more detail (see Figure 5.6). 

Attend tanker during last 2-3 ton filling Operation omitted (08) Operator fails to attend On step 3.2.5 If alarm not detected within 10 minutes tanker will overfill... 

Public stations arc of the fast-fill type, typically to satisfy the desire of customers to refuel quickly. The biggest problem for fast-fill operations is the lack of space and high cost. Large capacity high pressure storage is needed to fast-fill vehicles because the larger and greater the pressure, the faster the fill-up. 

This is about 9 bags per minute, or one pallet of 40 bags every 4.5 minutes. An automatic bagging and palletizing unit will be specified to reduce operating costs. The drum and carton filling operations will be done manually (see Fig. 5E-1). 

Figure 5E-1 A manual container filling operation. The operator manually controls the amount of caustic soda beads being changed into the special container from the storage container which is mounted above it. The container is sitting on a scale.

Estimating Worker Exposures during Vessel Filling Operations... 

This source term is substituted into Equation 3-9 to compute the vapor concentration (in ppm) in an enclosure resulting from a filling operation. The assumption that T = TL is also invoked. The result is... 

Railroad cars are being splash-filled with toluene. The 10,000-gal cars are being filled at the rate of one every 8 hr. The filling hole in the tank car is 4 in. in diameter. Estimate the concentration of toluene vapor as a result of this filling operation. The ventilation rate is estimated at 3000 ft3/min. The temperature is 77°F and the pressure is 1 atm. 

A 6-in-diameter elephant trunk is used to remove contaminants near the open bung of a drum during a filling operation. The air velocity required at the end of the elephant trunk is 100 ft/min. Compute the volumetric flow rate of air required. 

A large vessel (50,000 gal) is being filled with toluene. Compute Q and J during the filling operation when the vessel is half full (25,000 gal) and where... 

During the filling operation, before the liquid level reaches the discharge line, Equations 7-35 and 7-36 reduce to... 

Provide a means to nitrogen-pad the tank car during the filling operation. 

Engineering Design for White Phosphorus Filling Operations and Facilities... 

---