Flammability of liquids

The flash point, denoted PP or jp, expressed in K( C), is the temperature at which a pool of a flammable liquid will generate sufficient vapors to form an ignitable vapor/air mixture. It can also be seen as the temperature at which a liquid will reach its lower flammabihty limit (LFL) in air. However, flammable liquids can also ignite below their flash point if the surface area is increased either by dispersion (e.g., aerosol) or by mechanical activation (e.g., spraying) that raises the concentration of vapor in air above the lower flammability limit. In practice the flash point of a liquid is measured following standardized laboratory test protocols such as the Continuously Closed Cup Test (ASTM D6450), the Pensky-Martens Closed Cup Test (ASTM D93) or by the Tag Closed Cup Test (ASTM D56). 

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The well-known flashpoint is a measure of the flammability of liquids. 

The subindex of flammability describes the flammability of liquid e.g. in the case of a leakage. Flammability of liquids is measured by their flash points and boiling points. The classification used is based on the EU directive (Pyotsia, 1994). Substances are divided into non-combustible, combustible, flammable, easily flammable and very flammable (Table 11). 

Flammability of Liquids, No. 340, Underwriters Laboratories Northbrook, 111., 1972 Flame Arresters, No. 525, 1973 Flammable Liquid Dispensing, No. 1238,1975 Group Classification of Flammable Liquids and Gases, Test Report MH8593, 67C2889,1967. 

Autoignition temperature n. The temperature at which a combustible material will ignite and burn spontaneously under specified conditions. Troitzsch J (2004) Plastics flammability handbook principle, regulations, testing and approval. Hanser-Gard-ner Publications, New York. Babrauskas V (2003) Ignition handbook. Fie Science Publishers, New York. Wypych G (ed) (2001) Handbook of solvents. Chemtec Publishing, New York. Tests for comparative flammability of liquids, UI 340. Laboratories Incorporated Underwriters, New York, 1997. Nelson G (1990) Fire and polymers hazards identification and prevention. Oxford University Press, UK. 

Lower explosive limit Lower limit of flammability or explosibihty of a gas or vapor at ordinary ambient temperatures expressed in percent of the gas vapor in air by volume. Tests for comparative flammability of liquids, UI 340. Laboratories Incorporated Underwriters, New York, 1997. 

Non-flammable - fla-m3-b9l (1915) adj. If combustible, burning without flame. Practically, whether or not a plastic material or part is flammable is a matter of its performance in a test - of which there are many - of flammability. Note that the word inflammable has been deprecated by fire-safety authorities because of the ambiguity of the prefix in- , and has long been superseded by flammable and non-flammable . Tests for comparative flammability of liquids, U1 340. Laboratories Incorporated Underwriters, New York, 1997. 

Tests for comparative flammability of liquids, Ul 340. Laboratories Incorporated Underwriters, New York, 1997... 

The flammability of gases and vapors of flammable liquids is a great concern in the chemical process industries. The result of an ignition can be a fire, heat, or an explosion, or the sum of all, with varying magnitude. The flammability of liquids depends on the lower flammability limit of the material and its vapor pressure at that temperature. One needs to consider ambient and reaction temperatures. The boiling point may be taken as an indication of the volatility of a material. 

A substance or any mixture of substances, which is flammable in air, when held above its boiling point (measured at 1 bar absolute) as a liquid or as a mixture of liquid and gas at a pressure >1.4 bar absolute. 

In the laboratory, a range of slush baths may be used for speciality work. These are prepared by cooling organic liquids to their melting points by the addition of liquid nitrogen. Common examples are given in Table 8.2. Unless strict handling precautions are instituted, it is advisable to replace the more toxic and flammable solvents by safer alternatives. 

Vaporization and diffusion of flammable/toxic liquids or gases ... 

Preliminary minimum distances Liquid oxygen Liquefied flammable gases Liquids stored at ambient temperature and pressure A Code of Practice for the Bulk Storage of Liquid Oxygen at Production Sites (HSE, 1977) Process Plant Layout page 562 (Mecklenburgh, 1985) Process Plant Layout page 564... 

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