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Energies diagrams

An energy diagram is a schematic representation of the energy changes that take place as reactants are converted to products. An energy diagram indicates how readily a reaction proceeds, how many steps are involved, and how the energies of the reactants, products, and intermediates compare. [Pg.210]

Consider, for example, a concerted reaction between molecule A-B with anion C to form products A and B - C. If the reaction occurs in a single step, the bond between A and B is broken as the bond between B and C is formed. Let s assume that the products are lower in energy than the reactants in this hypothetical reaction. [Pg.210]

At the transition state, the bond between A and B can re-form to regenerate starting material, or the bond between B and C can form to generate product. As the bond forms between B and C the energy decreases until some stable energy minimum of the products is reached. [Pg.211]

ThfLener j actixfttmrL th mimmum amount of energy needed to break bonds in the reaenBP flrQresentMan enerffl-Mmer wK nnst be overcome for a reaction to occur. The size of Ea tells us about the reaction rate. [Pg.211]

How can we draw the structure of the unstable transition state The structure of the transition state is somewhere in between the structures of the starting material and product. Any bond that is partially broken or formed is drawn with a dashed line. Any atom that gains or loses a charge contains a partial charge in the transition state. Transition states are drawn in brackets, with a superscript double dagger ( ). [Pg.211]

For a reaction with AH = 10 kcal, decide which of the following statements is (are) true. Correct any false statement to make it true, (a) The reaction is exothermic (b) AG for the reaction is positive  [Pg.213]

The products are lower in energy than the starting materials. [Pg.213]


Fig. VIII-5. Schematic potential energy diagram for electrons in a metal with and without an applied field , work function Ep, depth of the Fermi level. (From Ref. 62.)... Fig. VIII-5. Schematic potential energy diagram for electrons in a metal with and without an applied field , work function Ep, depth of the Fermi level. (From Ref. 62.)...
Figure A3.10.17 Potential energy diagram for the dissociative adsorption of N2 [46]. Figure A3.10.17 Potential energy diagram for the dissociative adsorption of N2 [46].
Figure Bl.1.3. State energy diagram for a typical organic molecule. Solid arrows show radiative transitions A absorption, F fluorescence, P phosphorescence. Dotted arrows non-radiative transitions. Figure Bl.1.3. State energy diagram for a typical organic molecule. Solid arrows show radiative transitions A absorption, F fluorescence, P phosphorescence. Dotted arrows non-radiative transitions.
The electron-spm echo envelope modulation (ESEEM) phenomenon [37, 38] is of primary interest in pulsed EPR of solids, where anisotropic hyperfme and nuclear quadnipole interactions persist. The effect can be observed as modulations of the echo intensity in two-pulse and three-pulse experiments in which x or J is varied. In liquids the modulations are averaged to zero by rapid molecular tumbling. The physical origin of ESEEM can be understood in tenns of the four-level spin energy diagram for the S = I = model system... [Pg.1578]

Figure C2.7.1. Schematic potential energy diagram for tire catalytic syntliesis and decomposition of ammonia on iron. The energies are in kJ mol tire subscript ads refers to species adsorbed on iron [i]. Figure C2.7.1. Schematic potential energy diagram for tire catalytic syntliesis and decomposition of ammonia on iron. The energies are in kJ mol tire subscript ads refers to species adsorbed on iron [i].
An energy diagram for this reaction is given below (see Figure 3.6). (Note that this is not a representation of the actual reaction path... [Pg.71]

Let us consider the formation of sodium chloride from its elements. An energy (enthalpy) diagram (called a Born-Haber cycle) for the reaction of sodium and chlorine is given in Figure 3.7. (As in the energy diagram for the formation of hydrogen chloride, an upward arrow represents an endothermic process and a downward arrow an exothermic process.)... [Pg.73]

To date there is no evidence that sodium forms any chloride other than NaCl indeed the electronic theory of valency predicts that Na" and CU, with their noble gas configurations, are likely to be the most stable ionic species. However, since some noble gas atoms can lose electrons to form cations (p. 354) we cannot rely fully on this theory. We therefore need to examine the evidence provided by energetic data. Let us consider the formation of a number of possible ionic compounds and first, the formation of sodium dichloride , NaCl2. The energy diagram for the formation of this hypothetical compound follows the pattern of that for NaCl but an additional endothermic step is added for the second ionisation energy of sodium. The lattice energy is calculated on the assumption that the compound is ionic and that Na is comparable in size with Mg ". The data are summarised below (standard enthalpies in kJ) ... [Pg.75]

Let us examine the enthalpy terms involved when an ionic crystal MX is dissolved in water. The energy diagram for a Group I halide is as shown in Figure 3.8. [Pg.77]

Determine the symmetries of the resultant moleeular orbitals in the D3h point group. Draw a qualitative orbital energy diagram using the HMO energies you have ealeulated. [Pg.202]

FIGURE 3 4 Potential energy diagram for rotation about the carbon-carbon bond in ethane Two of the hydrogens are shown in red and four in green so as to indicate more clearly the bond rotation... [Pg.107]

FIGURE 3 7 Potential energy diagram for rotation around the central carbon-carbon bond in butane... [Pg.110]

A potential energy diagram for nng inversion m cyclohexane is shown m Figure 3 18 In the first step the chair conformation is converted to a skew boat which then proceeds to the inverted chair m the second step The skew boat conformation is an inter mediate in the process of ring inversion Unlike a transition state an intermediate is not a potential energy maximum but is a local minimum on the potential energy profile... [Pg.119]

FIGURE 3 18 Energy diagram showing the inter conversion of various con formations of cyclohexane... [Pg.120]

Sketch an approximate potential energy diagram similar to that shown in Figures 3 4 and 3 7 for rotation about the carbon-carbon bond in 2 2 dimethylpropane Does the form of the poten tial energy curve of 2 2 dimethylpropane more closely resemble that of ethane or that of butane" ... [Pg.137]

FIGURE 4 7 Potential energy diagram for proton transfer from hydrogen chio ride to tert butyl alcohol... [Pg.155]

Like tert butyloxonium ion tert butyl cation is an intermediate along the reaction pathway It is however a relatively unstable species and its formation by dissociation of the alkyloxonium ion is endothermic Step 2 is the slowest step m the mechanism and has the highest activation energy Figure 4 8 shows a potential energy diagram for this step... [Pg.156]

Step 3 IS bimolecular because two species the carbocation and chloride ion react together Figure 4 10 shows a potential energy diagram for this step... [Pg.158]

Potential Energy Diagrams for Multistep Reactions The SnI Mechanism... [Pg.159]

POTENTIAL ENERGY DIAGRAMS FOR MULTISTEP REACTIONS THE Sn1 mechanism... [Pg.159]

FIGURE 4 12 Potential energy diagram for the reaction of tert butyl alcohol and hydrogen chloride according to the SnI mechanism... [Pg.159]

Sketch a potential energy diagram for the reaction of 1 heptanol with hydrogen bromide paying careful attention to the positioning and structures of the intermediates and transition states... [Pg.165]

Section 4 9 The potential energy diagrams for separate elementary steps can be merged into a diagram for the overall process The diagram for the reac tion of a secondary or tertiary alcohol with a hydrogen halide is charac terized by two intermediates and three transition states The reaction is classified as a ummolecular nucleophilic substitution, abbreviated as SnI... [Pg.180]


See other pages where Energies diagrams is mentioned: [Pg.730]    [Pg.945]    [Pg.1142]    [Pg.2698]    [Pg.72]    [Pg.220]    [Pg.230]    [Pg.234]    [Pg.167]    [Pg.173]    [Pg.306]    [Pg.222]    [Pg.327]    [Pg.85]    [Pg.202]    [Pg.202]    [Pg.222]    [Pg.226]    [Pg.85]    [Pg.108]    [Pg.155]    [Pg.159]    [Pg.163]    [Pg.215]    [Pg.238]   
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About Potential Energy Diagrams

Activation energy diagrams

Alkali energy level diagram

Alkene, energy diagram

An Energy-level Diagram

And energy diagrams

Anthracene energy-level diagram

Atomic models energy-level diagrams

Atomic orbitals energy level diagrams

Atomization energy diagram

Benzene energy diagram

Benzene energy-level diagram

Block diagram of energy flows at the snow -ice-water interface

Bonding orbital energy diagrams

Boron energy-level diagram

Carbides free-energy diagram

Carbon energy-level diagram

Carbon monoxide, energy diagram

Carbon monoxide, orbital energy diagram

Carotenoids energy diagram

Catalysis and free-energy reaction coordinate diagram

Catalysts potential energy diagram

Charge energy level diagram

Chemical reaction Gibbs energy diagram

Chemical reactions energy diagram

Chemical reactions free energy diagram

Chlorine energy level diagram

Chromium energy level diagrams

Chromophores energy level diagram

Cobalt energy level diagrams

Computed molecular orbital energy level diagrams

Conformational energy diagram

Conformational isomers energy diagram

Construction of Energy Level Diagrams

Copper energy level diagrams

Core electron excitation energy level diagram

Correlation energy diagrams giving

Correlations with energy level diagrams

Corrosion process energy diagrams

Cyclooctatetraene energy level diagrams

Describing a Reaction Energy Diagrams and Transition States

Detector Diagram, energy level

Diagram energy-volume

Diagrams, electronic energy

Diagrams, energy profile

Diamond energy diagram

Diatomic molecules, energy-level diagram

Difference energy diagrams

Distorted sites energy level diagrams

ENERGY-LEVEL DIAGRAMS DESCRIBE HOW ORBITALS ARE OCCUPIED

Electron energy level diagram

Electron energy level diagrams and

Electron potential energy diagram

Electron transfer energy diagrams

Electronic configuration energy diagrams

Electronic energy level diagram

Electronic potential energy diagram

Electronically excited molecule energy level diagrams

Electronically excited molecules potential energy diagram

Electrophilic addition energy diagram

Electrophilic aromatic substitution energy diagram

Electrophilic reaction-energy diagram

Endothermic reaction energy diagram

Endothermic reaction potential energy diagram

Energy Level Diagrams for the Lanthanide Ions, and their Electronic Spectra

Energy band diagram

Energy band-structure diagram

Energy configuration diagram

Energy conversion diagram

Energy correlation diagram

Energy diagram cation system

Energy diagram electrophilic addition reaction

Energy diagram for

Energy diagram for electrophilic aromatic substitution

Energy diagram for ring inversion of cyclohexane

Energy diagram illustrating the relationship between thermal and photochemical reactions

Energy diagram models

Energy diagram, ammonia synthesis

Energy diagram, ethane

Energy diagrams (continued

Energy diagrams carbon monoxide oxidation, 134

Energy diagrams competing reactions

Energy diagrams describing

Energy diagrams drawing

Energy diagrams enzyme catalysis, 116

Energy diagrams interpretation

Energy flow diagrams

Energy level diagram

Energy level diagram Raman scattering

Energy level diagram chlorophyll

Energy level diagram first excited singlet state

Energy level diagram fluorescence

Energy level diagram for

Energy level diagram for octahedral

Energy level diagram for square planar

Energy level diagram model

Energy level diagram molecular structure

Energy level diagram of hydrogen molecule

Energy level diagram second singlet excited state

Energy level diagram showing electronic, vibrational, and rotational states

Energy level diagram, atomic

Energy level diagram, for sodium

Energy level diagram, spin states

Energy level diagrams Orgel

Energy level diagrams Tanabe-Sugano

Energy level diagrams and crystal field spectra of transition metal ions

Energy level diagrams crystal field

Energy level diagrams for low-symmetry environments

Energy level diagrams for octahedral environments

Energy level diagrams for other high-symmetry environments

Energy level diagrams lanthanide ions

Energy level diagrams molecular orbital

Energy level diagrams, hydrogen bonds

Energy level diagrams, photoinduced electron transfer

Energy levels, Jablonski diagram

Energy levels, diagrams rotational

Energy levels, diagrams vibrational

Energy levels, electronic/vibrational, Jablonski diagram

Energy requirements reaction coordinate diagram

Energy states diagram

Energy term diagrams

Energy versus time diagrams

Energy vs. distortion diagram

Energy-level diagram and summary of photochemical processes

Energy-level diagram for HHe

Energy-level diagram, OLED

Energy-level diagram, derived from molecular

Energy-level diagram: Bohr

Energy-level diagrams for C3H3 and C5H5 systems

Energy-level diagrams for cyclobutadiene and benzene

Energy-level diagrams processes

Energy-level diagrams, representation

Energy-reaction coordinate diagram

Energy-temperature diagram, oxygen pressur

Energy-temperature diagrams

Exchange reactions, free energy diagram

Exothermic reaction potential energy diagram

Exothermic reactions energy diagram

Experimental ionization energy correlation diagram

Ferrocene energy-level diagram

Field ionization potential energy diagram

Fluorescence energy diagram

Fluorescence lifetimes energy level diagram

Fluorescence spectroscopy energy level diagram

Fluorine atom, energy level diagram

Free Energy Diagrams for Surface Chemical Reactions

Free energy diagrams

Free energy, equilibrium phase diagrams

Free energy-reaction progress diagram

Free energy-temperature diagrams

Free-Energy Composition and Temperature Diagrams

Free-energy correlations diagrams

Gibbs energy curves/diagrams

Gibbs energy diagrams

Gibbs energy phase diagrams

Gibbs free energy diagram

Grotrian energy diagram

Grotrian energy-level diagram

Helium atom, energy level diagram

Heteronuclear energy diagram

Hydrogen atom orbital energy-level diagrams

Hydrogen atom, energy level diagram

Hydrogen bonds potential energy diagram

Hydrogen energy-level diagram

Hydrogen molecule energy level diagram

Hydrogen potential energy diagram

Interface energy diagram

Intermediates energy diagram

Intramolecular energy level diagram

Inversion energy diagram

Iron energy level diagrams

Jablonski energy diagram

Laser methods, energy-level diagrams

Lennard-Jones potential energy diagram

Ligand field theory energy level diagram

Lithium atom, energy level diagram

Lithium energy-level diagram

MO-energy diagram

Metal energy level diagram

Metal—organic interface schematic energy diagram

Minimal free energy, equilibrium phase diagram

Molecular geometry energy diagram

Molecular orbital energy diagram

Molecular orbitals energy level diagrams

Molecular-energy diagram

Muonium energy level diagram

Neon atom, energy level diagram

Nickel energy level diagrams

Nitric oxide, energy diagram

Nitrides, free-energy diagram

Nitrogen energy-level diagram

Nuclear Spin Energy Diagrams and the Sign of

Nuclear magnetic resonance energy-level diagram

Octahedral complexes energy-level diagram

Octahedral crystal field energy level diagram

One-dimension potential energy diagram

Orbital energy diagram complexes

Orbital energy diagrams

Orbital energy level diagram

Orbital energy level diagrams and

Orbital energy level diagrams for

Orbitals energy-level diagrams

Oxygen atom, energy level diagram

Oxygen energy-level diagram

Partial energy-level diagrams

Periodic orbits period-energy diagram

Phase diagram correlation with free energies

Phase diagrams free energy

Phosphorescence energy diagram

Photovoltaic cells energy diagram

Potential Energy Diagrams for Multistep Reactions The SN1 Mechanism

Potential energy Diagram and Kinetic Parameters

Potential energy contour diagram

Potential energy diagram catalyst effect

Potential energy diagram electronic transitions

Potential energy diagram for

Potential energy diagram for ammonia

Potential energy diagram for rotation about

Potential energy diagram hydrogen molecule interacting with

Potential energy diagram, adsorption process

Potential energy diagrams

Potential energy diagrams acetal hydrolysis

Potential energy diagrams analyzer

Potential energy diagrams benzene

Potential energy diagrams comparison

Potential energy diagrams elimination reactions

Potential energy diagrams for electrophilic aromatic substitution

Potential energy diagrams for nucleophilic substitution

Potential energy diagrams nucleophilic substitution

Potential energy diagrams three-dimensional

Potential energy diagrams with hydroxide

Potential energy diagrams, colloidal

Potential energy profile diagram

Potential energy surface reaction coordinate diagram

Potential-energy diagram, physisorption

Potential-energy diagrams, for reactions

Qualitative potential energy diagrams for

Rare energy transitions, diagram

Reaction coordinate diagrams energy changes described

Reaction energy diagram biological reactions and

Reaction energy diagram electrophilic addition reactions

Reaction energy diagram endergonic reactions and

Reaction energy diagram exergonic reactions and

Reaction energy diagram intermediates and

Reaction energy diagrams

Reading Energy Diagrams

Reports Energy Level Diagrams

Resonance enhancement energy level diagrams

Schottky barrier energy diagram

Schottky barrier energy-band diagram

Self-energy diagrams

Semiconductor corrosion energy diagrams

Semiconductor electrodes energy diagram

Simple Gibbs Energy Diagrams

Single configurational coordinate energy level diagram

Skill 9.6 Analyzing potential energy versus reaction coordinate diagrams

Sodium atom energy level diagram

Sodium energy-level diagram

Square planar complex energy level diagram

Structured process energy/exergy flow diagram

Sulphides, free-energy diagram

Temperatures energy—temperature diagrams

Tetrahedral complexes energy level diagram

The Energy Band Diagram

The Energy Level Diagrams of Individual Ions

The Potential Energy Diagram

Thermodynamics energy-temperature diagrams

Throughput energy diagram

Transition State Theory Free-Energy Diagrams

Transition element complexes energy-level diagrams

Transition energy diagram

Transition state energy diagram

Triplet state energy level diagram

Trivalent energy diagram

Valence energy diagram

Vanadium energy level diagrams

Water energy-level diagram

Xenon, energy diagram

Zinc energy diagram

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