Potential energy diagrams field ionization

Figure 9. Electric field modified potential energy diagram for rubidium showing the onset of field ionization of high Rydberg states.

The potential energy diagram for an ion formed right at the critical distance of field ionization, xc (i.e. the most energetic ion), in a retarding potential analyzer is shown in Fig. 2.4. From this diagram, one obtains... 

Fig. 5a. Potential energy diagram for the Is electron of a hydrogen atom at a distance of 5.5A. from a tungsten surface in the absence of external fields. I = ionization potential x = work function g = depth of Fermi sea Ph = proton-electron potential Pw = image potential.

Schematic energy level diagrams of a metal/polymer/metal structure before and after the layers are in contact are shown in the top two drawings of Figure 11-6. Before contact, the metals and the polymer have relative energies determined by the metal work functions and the electron affinity and ionization potential of the polymer. After contact there is a built-in electric field in the structure due to the different Schottky energy barriers of the asymmetric metal contacts. Capacitance-voltage measurements demonstrate that the metal/polymer/metal structures are fully depleted and therefore the electric field is constant throughout the bulk of the structure [31, 35]. The built-in potential, Vhh i.e. the product of the constant built-in electric field and the layer thickness may be written...

Fig. 2.7 Diagram showing how resonance field ionization occurs. When an image gas atom is field ionized, the tunneling electron may be reflected right back to the atom. Field ionization is enhanced if the atomic level lines up with an energy level formed between the metal surface and the potential barrier of the applied field, as shown in the figure. The potential barrier is approximately triangular in shape.

Figure 10. Schematic energy level diagram of D2 showing the shift of the ionization potential and accompanying energy levels of the neutral D2 under the influence of low-, intermediate-, and high-intensity laser fields. The maximum ponderomotive energy available to a zero kinetic energy electron is shown.

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