Potential energy diagram for

Fig. VIII-5. Schematic potential energy diagram for electrons in a metal with and without an applied field , work function Ep, depth of the Fermi level. (From Ref. 62.)...

Figure A3.10.17 Potential energy diagram for the dissociative adsorption of N2 [46].

Figure C2.7.1. Schematic potential energy diagram for tire catalytic syntliesis and decomposition of ammonia on iron. The energies are in kJ mol tire subscript ads refers to species adsorbed on iron [i].

FIGURE 3 4 Potential energy diagram for rotation about the carbon-carbon bond in ethane Two of the hydrogens are shown in red and four in green so as to indicate more clearly the bond rotation... 

FIGURE 3 7 Potential energy diagram for rotation around the central carbon-carbon bond in butane... 

A potential energy diagram for nng inversion m cyclohexane is shown m Figure 3 18 In the first step the chair conformation is converted to a skew boat which then proceeds to the inverted chair m the second step The skew boat conformation is an inter mediate in the process of ring inversion Unlike a transition state an intermediate is not a potential energy maximum but is a local minimum on the potential energy profile... 

FIGURE 4 7 Potential energy diagram for proton transfer from hydrogen chio ride to tert butyl alcohol... 

Like tert butyloxonium ion tert butyl cation is an intermediate along the reaction pathway It is however a relatively unstable species and its formation by dissociation of the alkyloxonium ion is endothermic Step 2 is the slowest step m the mechanism and has the highest activation energy Figure 4 8 shows a potential energy diagram for this step... 

Step 3 IS bimolecular because two species the carbocation and chloride ion react together Figure 4 10 shows a potential energy diagram for this step... 

Potential Energy Diagrams for Multistep Reactions The SnI Mechanism... 

POTENTIAL ENERGY DIAGRAMS FOR MULTISTEP REACTIONS THE Sn1 mechanism... 

FIGURE 4 12 Potential energy diagram for the reaction of tert butyl alcohol and hydrogen chloride according to the SnI mechanism... 

Sketch a potential energy diagram for the reaction of 1 heptanol with hydrogen bromide paying careful attention to the positioning and structures of the intermediates and transition states... 

Section 4 9 The potential energy diagrams for separate elementary steps can be merged into a diagram for the overall process The diagram for the reac tion of a secondary or tertiary alcohol with a hydrogen halide is charac terized by two intermediates and three transition states The reaction is classified as a ummolecular nucleophilic substitution, abbreviated as SnI... 

FIGURE 12 1 Potential energy diagram for elec trophilic aromatic substitu tion... 

Fig. 3.3. Potential energy diagram for rotation about C(2)—C(3) bond of n-butane.

Reaction coordinate for a two-step reaction Fig. 4.1. Potential energy diagrams for single-step and two-step reactions. 

Fig. 5.5. Potential energy diagrams for substitution mechanisms. A is the S l mechanism. B is the Sjy2 mechanism with intermediate ion-pair or pentacooidi-nate species. C is the classical S).(2 mechanism. [Reproduced from T. W. Bentley and P. v. R. Schleyer, Adv.

Fig. 5.11. Contrasting potential energy diagrams for stable and unstable bridged norbomyl cation. (A) Bridged ion is a transition state for rearrangement between classical structures. (B) Bridged ion is an intermediate in rearrangement of one classical structure to the other. (C) Bridged nonclassical ion is the only stable structure.

Fig. 8.3. Three-dimensional potential energy diagram for addition of a proton and nucleophile to a caibonyl group, (a) Proton transfer complete before nucleophilic addition begins (b) nucleophilic addition complete before proton transfer begins (c) concerted proton transfer and nucleophilic addition.

Sketch a potential energy diagram for rotation around a carbon-carbon bond in propane. Clearly identify each potential energy maximum and minimum with a structural formula that shows the conformation of propane at that point. Does your diagram more closely resemble that of ethane or of butane Would you expect the activation energy for bond rotation in propane to be more than or less than that of ethane Of butane ... 

FIGURE 4.10 Potential energy diagram for reaction of fert-butyl cation with chloride anion. 

FIGURE 5.10 Potential energy diagram for concerted E2 elimination of an alkyl halide. 

FIGURE 17.6 Potential energy diagram for base-catalyzed hydration of an aldehyde or ketone. 

Fig. 7. Potential-energy diagrams for nucleophilic heteroaromatic substitutions. A, solid line very probable and common B, solid line probable but less frequent A and B, dotted lines scarcely probable and/or infrequent.

Construct a qualitative potential-energy diagram for rotation about the C-C bond of i,2-dibromoethane. Which conformation would you expect to be more stable Label the anti and gauche conformations of 1,2-dibromoethane. 

Fig. 8-10. Potential energy diagram for the uncatalyzed decomposition of formic acid.

Fig. 18-4. The mechanism and potential energy diagrams for the reaction CHaBr + OH-(aq)— -CHjOH + Br (aq)...

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