Chlorine energy level diagram

Fig. 7. Energy level diagram for the HOMOs and LUMOs of porphine, chlorin, iBC and BC complexes of zinc(II) (Taken from Ref. 93)...

Figure 11.6. Jablonsky energy level diagram of porphyrins and chlorins. Characteristic rate constants for various radiative and non-radiative relaxations are also indicated.

FIGURE 9.31. Energy-level diagrams—chlorine hydrate system. 

Chlorine is a member of the halogen family — the VIIA family on the periodic table. It has 7 valence electrons and a total of 17 electrons. The energy level diagram for chlorine is also shown in Figure 6-1. 

This diagram showing how the valence electrons interact is called a Lewis structure. In this case both hydrogen atoms have satisfied their need to have a full outermost principal energy level. Because both hydrogen atoms have the same electronegativity, the atoms will share the electrons equally. This will be the case with any diatomic molecule, such as chlorine gas (see Figure 5.6). 

Sodium is a soft, silvery metal as shown in Figure 11. It can react violently when added to water or to chlorine. What makes sodium so reactive If you look at a diagram of its energy levels below, you will see that sodium has only one electron in its outer level. Removing this electron empties this level and leaves the completed level below. By removing one electron, sodium s electron configuration becomes the same as that of the stable noble gas neon. 

In the case of a chlorine nucleus, there are four energy levels, as shown in Figure 5.4. The +f and spin states are aligned with the applied field and opposed to the applied field, respectively. The +1 and spin states have intermediate orientations, as indicated by the vector diagram on the right in Figure 5.4. 

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