Sodium energy-level diagram

Energy level diagram of the sodium atom. The energy levels are denoted by the values for the principal quantum number , the orbital quantum number/, and the spin quantum number s. Levels with 1 = 0 are not split for / = 1 two separate levels are drawn (s = 1/2) for/> 1 the splitting is too small to be shown in the figure. Wavelengths of a few special transitions are given in nanometers. 

Energy level diagrams for the easily excited atomic lines of lithium, sodium, potassium and rubidium. Wavelengths are given in nanometres for the spectral lines produced by transitions between the different levels. The ionization potential is indicated by the dashed line above the respective diagrams. 

Fill in this energy-level diagram for sodium, Na (atomic number 11) ... 

Note that all the superscripts for an atom must add up to the total number of electrons in the atom—1 for hydrogen, 3 for lithium, 11 for sodium, and so forth. Also note that the orbitals are not always listed in order of principal quantum number. The 4s orbital, for example, is lower in energy than the 3 dorbitals, as is indicated on the energy-level diagram of Figure 5-22. The 4s orbital, therefore, appears before the 3dorbitaI. 

Molecular orbital (MO) theory has been used to explain the bonding in metallic crystals, such as pure sodium or pure aluminum. Each MO, instead of dealing with a few atoms in a typical molecule, must cover the entire crystal (might be 1020 or more atoms ). Following the rule that the number of MOs must equal the number of atomic orbitals (AOs) combined, this many MOs must be so close on an energy level diagram that they form a continuous band of energies. Because of this factor, the theory is known as band theory. 

Atomic Systems. Many atomic species may be modeled as three-level systems. Figure 2 illustrates the energy level diagram for sodium. Other alkali and alkaline metals behave in a similar manner. 

Figure 24-11 Partial energy-level diagram for sodium, showing the transitions resulting from absorption at 590, 330, and 285 nm.

Figure 24-20 Energy-level diagram for sodium in which the horizontal lines represent the atomic orbitals, which are identified with their respective labels. The vertical scale is orbital energy in electron volts (eV), and the energies of excited states relative to the ground-state 3.S orbital can be read from the vertical axis. The blue lines show the allowed transitions resulting from emission of various wavelengths (in nm), indicated adjacent to the lines. The horizontal dashed line represents the ionization energy of sodium. (Adapted from J. D. Ingle, Jr., and S. R. Crouch, Spectrochemical Analysis, p. 206.

Fig. 1. Atomic energy level diagram for the sodium atom. (Reprinted with permission from Ref. [3].)...

Figure 8. Energy-level diagram of ultrafast electron-transfer processes in aqueous sodium chloride solution. Transitions (eV) correspond to experimental spectroscopic data obtained for different test wavelengths. The abscissa represents the appearance and relaxation dynamics of nonequilibrium electronic populations (CTTS ", CTTS, (e hyd) fCl e pairs). The two channels involved in the formation of an s-like ground hydrated electron state (e hyd, c hyd ) (dso reported in the figure. From these data, it is clear that the high excited CTTS state (CTTS ) corresponds to an ultrashort-lived excited state of aqueous chloride ions preceding an electron photodetachment process.

Figure 24.9 Portion of the energy-level diagram of sodium, showing the doublet splitting. The 2p level splitting is exaggerated (not to scale). Wavelengths are in nm.

FIGURE 6 21 Energy-level diagrams for (a) a sodium alom showing the source of a line spectrum and (b) a simple molecule showing the source of a band spectrum. 

FIGURE S-1 Energy level diagrams for (a) atomic sodium and (b) magnesium(l) ion. Note the similarity in pattern of lines shown in blue but not in actual wavelengths (A),... 

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