Fluorescence spectroscopy energy level diagram

In addition to CARS, other closely related but less commonly used nonlinear Raman techniques have been developed. The energy level diagram for coherent Stokes Raman spectroscopy (CSRS) is shown in Figure 1. Unlike CARS, CSRS is nonparametric the final state is not the same as the initial state. Therefore, CSRS spectra may exhibit extra peaks due to coherence dephasing. Furthermore, the CSRS output beam is generated to the Stokes (lower frequency) side of 0)3. CSRS is therefore more susceptible to spectral interference from fluorescence and Rayleigh scattering of the input beams. 

All possible X-ray fluorescence spectra of the sulfate ion are presented in Figure 2 whereas Figure 3 shows an MO diagram constructed from a full set of these spectra. Adjustment to the scale of the ionization potentials [IP] of valence electrons is effected by subtracting the X-ray transition energies from the IPs of the corresponding inner levels (Sis, S2p, Ols) determined by the use of data of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy ... 

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