Energy level diagrams, photoinduced electron transfer

Figure 11.10 Energy level diagrams for photoinduced electron transfer processed based on 11.8, showing excitation (--), luminescence (---) and nonradiative decay (—).

Figure 2.13 Schematic energy level diagrams illustrating the photoinduced (a) electron and (b) energy transfers in the supramolecular dyad A-L-B straight lines indicate radiative transfers, while wavy lines represent non-radiative reactions...

Fig. 5.3. Formation of a bulk heterojunction and subsequent photoinduced electron transfer inside such a composite formed from the interpenetrating donor/acceptor network, plotted with the device structure for such a junction (a). The diagrams showing energy levels of an MDMO-PPV/PCBM system for flat band conditions (b) and under short-circuit conditions (c) do not take into account possible interfacial layers at the metal/semiconductor interface...

Figure 1. Schematic energy level diagram for a typical photoinduced electron transfer. Charge separation and recombination routes are shown—see text.

Figure 13. Energy level diagram suggested for the photoinduced electron transfer between molecular oxygen and indole. Adapted from Ref [44].

Figure 3. Schematic energy level diagrams for photoinduced energy transfer (left) and electron transfer (right) processes.

Pig. 5 Energy-level diagram of photoinduced electron transfer at a polymer-nanocrystal interface [56]... 

Therefore, to design a better molecular photodiode the distance and AG dependence should be kept in mind. In Fig. 18(b), the energy diagram of the A/S/D molecular photodiode is depicted as a function of distance across the LB film. If the forward processes indicated by arrows with solid lines are accelerated, and the backward processes with dashed lines are retarded by setting the distances and the energy levels appropriately, the photoinduced vectorial flow of electrons can be achieved, that is, the acceleration by setting AG° equal to X is assumed for the forward electron transfer processes (ii) and (iii), while the retardation, as a consequence of the inverted region, is assumed for the back-electron transfer processes (iv) and (v). Once an electron-hole pair is separated successfully, the recombination of... 

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