Detector Diagram, energy level

Fig. 6.8. A Principle of frequency-multiplexed CARS microspectroscopy A narrow-bandwidth pump pulse determines the inherent spectral resolution, while a broad-bandwidth Stokes pulse allows simultaneous detection over a wide range of Raman shifts. The multiplex CARS spectra shown originate from a 70 mM solution of cholesterol in CCI4 (solid line) and the nonresonant background of coverglass (dashed line) at a Raman shift centered at 2900 cm-1. B Energy level diagram for a multiplex CARS process. C Schematic of the multiplex CARS microscope (P polarizer HWP/QWP half/quarter-wave plate BC dichroic beam combiner Obj objective lens F filter A analyzer FM flip mirror L lens D detector S sample). D Measured normalized CARS spectrum of the cholesterol solution. E Maximum entropy method (MEM) phase spectrum (solid line) retrieved from (D) and the error background phase (dashed line) determined by a polynomial fit to those spectral regions without vibrational resonances. F Retrieved Raman response (solid line) calculated from the spectra shown in (E), directly reproducing the independently measured spontaneous Raman response (dashed line) of the same cholesterol sample...

Another method of realizing a photovoltaic detector is with a Schottky barrier made by depositing a metal onto the surface of a semiconductor. The energy level diagram for a Schottky barrier is shown in Fig. 4.3. Its current-voltage characteristic is [4.10]... 

Fig. 2. Energy level diagram for a positively biased BIBIB detector. Absorption of a photon creates an electron-hole pair which is swept out of the infrared active layer by the electric field.

Figure Bl.24.14. A schematic diagram of x-ray generation by energetic particle excitation, (a) A beam of energetic ions is used to eject inner-shell electrons from atoms in a sample, (b) These vacancies are filled by outer-shell electrons and the electrons make a transition in energy in moving from one level to another this energy is released in the fomi of characteristic x-rays, the energy of which identifies that particular atom. The x-rays that are emitted from the sample are measured witli an energy dispersive detector.

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