Other Chlorides

Ammonium chloride solutions (NH4CI) lead to slight pitting corrosion at room temperature. Corrosion is much stronger in concentrated, boiling solutions. 

Lithium chloride LiCl, whether in the solid state or in solution, has an action similar to that of sodium chloride. 

Barium chloride solutions (BaCD have only a slight action, comparable to that of calcium chloride. Tests in solutions at 1-10% on 1050 have shown that up to 50 °C, the dissolution rate is below 0.03 mm per year at 98 °C, it is in the order of 0.15 mm per year, and superficial micro-pitting is observed [10]. 

Magnesium chloride solutions (MgCD lead to pitting, especially hot solutions. The use of aluminium in contact with solutions containing more than 1% MgCL should be avoided. 

Anhydrous beryllium chloride BeCL has no action on aluminium. In concentrated solutions, the formation of a film protects aluminium even at 100 °C. Anhydrous beryllium chloride is stored and transported in aluminium alloy vessels. 

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Shell Chlorine Process. The Shell process produces CI2 from the HCl usiag air or O2 ia the preseace of cupric and other chlorides on a siUcate carrier (71). The reaction proceeds at an optimal rate ia the temperature range of 430—475°C at an efficiency of 60—70%. A manufactuting unit was built by Shell ia the Netherlands (41,000 t/yr) and another ia ladia (27,000 t/yr). Both plants have been closed down. 

It was an adaptation of the Castner cell to sodium chloride for fused caustic electrolysis. A mixture of sodium chloride and other chlorides, molten at 620°C, was electroly2ed ia rectangular or oval cells heated only by the current. Several cells have been patented for the electrolysis of fused salt ia cells with molten lead cathodes (65). However, it is difficult to separate the lead from the sodium (see Electrochemical processing). 

The volatile chlorides ate collected and the unreactedsohds and nonvolatile chlorides ate discarded. Titanium tetrachloride is separated from the other chlorides by double distillation (12). Vanadium oxychloride, VOCl, which has a boiling point close to TiCl, is separated by complexing with mineral oil, reducing with H2S to VOCI2, or complexing with copper. The TiCl is finally oxidized at 985°C to Ti02 and the chlorine gas is recycled (8,11) (see also... 

BaCl2 is used in heat treating baths because of the eutectic mixtures it readily forms with other chlorides. The melting points of some eutectic mixtures are BaCl2 KCl, 672—680°C BaCl2 N Cl, 39 mol % BaCl2) 654°C 631°C. BaCl2 is so used to set up porcelain enamels for sheet... 

There are 10 producers of calcium chloride solutions in the United States, three of these also make a dry product. Solution production is centered around Michigan (brines), California and Utah (brines), and Louisiana (by-product acid). The majority of dry calcium chloride is made in Michigan, lesser quantities in Louisiana, and minor quantities in California. Production involves removal of other chlorides (primarily magnesium) by precipitation and filtration followed by concentration of the calcium chloride solution, either for ultimate sale, or for feed for dry product. Commercial dry products vary by the amount of water removed and by the nature of the drying equipment used. Production and capacity figures for the United States are indicated in Table 2. 

A number of modifiers are employed to prevent most of the shrinkage of gypsum when it is heated above 300°C. Among these are boric acid (118) and sodium and other chlorides (119,120). A review of the development and composition of some investments is given (121). 

Hydrochloric acid Fritted bubbler 0.005 N sodium 10 100 -t-95 Titration with 0.01 Other chlorides... 

Chlorine is the twentieth most abundant element in crustal rocks where it occurs to the extent of 126 ppm (cf. nineteenth V, 136 ppm, and twenty-first Cr, 122 ppm). The vast evaporite deposits of NaCl and other chloride minerals have already been described (pp. 69, 73). Dwarfing these, however, are the inconceivably vast reserves in ocean waters (p. 69) where more than half the total average salinity of 3.4 wt% is due to chloride ions (1.9 wt%). Smaller quantities, though at higher concentrations, occur in certain inland seas and in subterranean brine wells, e.g. the Great Salt Lake, Utah (23% NaCl) and the Dead Sea, Israel (8.0% NaCl, 13.0% MgCU, 3.5% CaCU). 

Guide for crevice corrosion testing of iron base and nickel base stainless steels in seawater and other chloride-containing aqueous environments... 

R.M.McCready et al.[l] demonstrate that the adding of O.IM NaCl to 0.33 M ammonia hydroxide enhances the deesterification more than twice. The adding of other chlorides, such as KCl, MgCb and CaCb also enhances the reaction. The effectiveness of the ions in relation to the deesterification and rate constant is arranged in the following order Ca>Mg>Na, K. The equal values of pH and ion strength prove that only the specific cation effect is responsible for the enhanced velocity. 

Similar are the behaviors of aluminum trichloride, zirconium chloride and many other chlorides. There are, however, chlorides like sodium chloride, which do not undergo hydrolysis readily. Only at 600 to 900 °C does the reaction... 

The structure of S2C12 is similar to that shown in Figure 15.1 for S2F2. Most other chlorides of sulfur have the sulfur atoms in a chain with the chlorine atoms in terminal positions, and they are produced... 

Concretes made with Portland cement have a specific weight of 140 to 150 Ib/ft (2,242 to 2,400 kg/m ). Concrete absorbs the heat of a fire when chemically bound water is released from a crystalline structure and is reduced to lime. Dense concretes can be formed in place, or pneumatically sprayed to the required thickness using steel reinforcement. The corrosive effect of chlorides on the steel surface in moist saline environments (coastal or other chloride environments) dictates the use of protective primers and topcoat sealers. Major advantages of dense concrete are ... 

Bromine has an ionic radius of 1.96 A and thus easily substitutes for chlorine (1.81 A) in the halite crystal lattice as well as in the other chloride salts. The distribution coefficients for bromine in chloride salts deposited from seawater is less than 1 (Warren 2006). 

Potassium sulfate is used in fertilizers as a source of potassium and sulfur, both of which are essential elements for plant growth. Either in simple form or as a double salt with magnesium sulfate, potassium sulfate is one of the most widely consumed potassium salts in agricultural apphcations. It is preferred over potassium chloride for certain types of crops such as, tobacco, citrus, and other chloride—sensitive crops. Some other applications include making gypsum cements to make potassium alum in the analysis of Kjeldahl nitrogen and in medicine. 

In an attempt to say something intelligent about these resistivities, there appears to be some correlation between the pH and resistivity, with low resistivity obtained when the pH is relatively low (only a few experiments have been carried out at relatively low values of pH also note Ref. 22, which describes an anomalously low resistivity even at normal values of pH). The bath described by Ito and Shiraishi [37] is very different from the previous ones, for three reasons the relatively low pH (= 8), the use of thioacetamide instead of thiourea, and the flow system used in this deposition. Very low values of dark resistivity were obtained with this bath and with an unusual temperature dependence (a minimum of 10 fi-cm was found at 63°C, which increased on either side of this temperature value). It was suggested that Cl, from the NH4CI buffer, acted as a dopant however, other chloride baths gave much higher resistivities. 

The most frequent impurities of commercial a-titanium trichloride are generally other chlorides (TiCU, TiCU), metallic titanium, titanium nitride, and the products resulting from oxydation or hydrolysis of the titanium chlorides, the latter being unstable at air and moisture. 

Titanium forms three series of salts in which the element is respectively tetra-, tri-, and mono-valent. Thus, titanium and chlorine form titanium tetrachloride, TiCl4, titanium trichloride, TiCl3, and titanium monochloride, TiCl. The two last are unstable and readily pass into the higher chloride. Titanium tetrachloride shows a marked resemblance to tin tetrachloride it unites easily with hydrochloric acid in solution, with formation of the complex acid, ehloro-titanic acid, [TiCl6]tI2, and forms many crystalline products with other chlorides. It also unites with ammonia, forming ammines. 

If the ratio be unity, the concentrations of the solute in each solvent will be the same if the ratio be far removed from unity, a correspondingly large proportion of the solute will be found in the one solvent which can be utilized to extract the Soln. from the other solvent. E.g. ether will remove ferric chloride from its aq. soln., and since many other chlorides are almost insoluble in ether, the process is utilized in analysis for the separation of iron from the other elements the solubility of cobalt thiocyanate in ether is utilized for the separation of cobalt perchromic acid is similarly separated from its aq. soln. by ether molten zinc extracts silver and gold from molten lead the extraction of organic compounds from aq. soln. by shaking out with ether or other solvent is much used in organic laboratories. 

Similarly, R. Engel found that with 8 2, 241, 29 5 grms. of hydrogen chloride, the soln. can dissolve respectively 41 4, 28 5, 246 grms. of lithium chloride. R. Engel29 noticed empirically that with barium, strontium, and other chlorides the solubility diminishes in the presence of hydrochloric acid by a quantity which corresponds with an eq. of chloride for each eq. of hydrochloric acid added or, in other words, the sum of the eq. of the chloride and acid remains constant. The sum of the eq. at first diminished slightly and then increased. This rule did not... 

Ammonium chloride is also formed by the action of hydrochloric acid on a soln. of ammonia or ammonium carbonate J. G. Qentele 5 made it by the double decomposition of ammonium bicarbonate and sodium, magnesium, calcium, and other chlorides H. J. E. Hennebutte and E. Mesnard, and A. Dubose and M. Heuzey, made it by the action of ammonium bicarbonate or sulphate on the double chloride of iron and calcium and it is made by the action of soln. of ammonium sulphate and sodium chloride when the soln. is cone, the crystals of sodium sulphate separate out and they are removed by suitable shovels the cone. soln. of ammonium chloride which remains is purified by crystallization. Ammonium chloride can also be obtained by sublimation from a dry intimate mixture of the same two salts. A. French made it by the joint action of air and steam on a mixture of salt, pyrites, and carbon or organic matter 2NaCl+4H20-j-S02+C-j-N2=2NH4Cl-i-Na2S04-i-C02. 

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