Lowest achievable emissions rate

Nonattamment. EPA issued final rules for the Emission Offset PoHcy governing development in nonattainment areas. A new source must apply the lowest achievable emission rate (LAER) for the problem poUutant and must obtain a more than equivalent offsetting emission reduction from existing sources. Either the existing sources can be owned by the same company, or the reduction can be bought from other companies. In this way, new growth is ahowed while air quahty improvement is achieved. 

Another variant is the lowest achievable emission rate (LAER) for a specific pollutant required for a new source of that pollutant to be located in a nonattainment area (i.e., one which has not attained the NAAQS for that pollutant), LAER is the lowest emission rate allowed or achieved anywhere without regard to cost or energy usage. LAER is intended to be more stringent than BACT or NSPS and is also determined on a case-bycase basis. 

We should note that in a general sense, the objective of pollution abatement is compliance. Whether we apply conventional controls or P2, the intent is to develop corrective actions that largely focus on the lowest achievable emission rate (LAER) technologies, and only sometimes on best available control technologies (BACT),... 

LAER (Lowest Achievable Emissions Rate) the control level required of a source subject to nonattainment review. (See 40 CFR 51.165(a))... 

Titles I and IV are most relevant to SO, and NO control. Title I establishes a 24-hour average ambient air standard for SO, of 0.14 ppm. The NO provisions require existing major stationaiy sources to apply reasonably available control technologies and new or modified major stationaiy sources to offset their new emissions and install controls representing the lowest achievable emissions rate. Each state with an ozone nonattaininent region must develop a State Implementation Plan (SIP) that includes stationaiy NO emissions reductions. 

New or modified facilities in nonattainment areas must follow NSR requirements, which require the source to meet the lowest achievable emission rate (LAER) and to obtain emission offsets to ensure that the nonattainment problem is not made worse by the new/modified source. 

Lower valent titanates, 25 102-104 Lowest achievable emission rate (LAER), 1 812, 814 21 584... 

LAER lowest achievable emission rate the required emission rate in nonattainment permits. 

Cracking (FCC) units have been established through consent decree between the EPA and the rehnery or by the application of new source review (NSR) provisions of the Clean Air Act when making rehnery modihcations that result in a signihcant emission increase. NSR standards require facilities to apply best available control technology (BACT) in ozone attainment areas and the lowest achievable emissions rate (LAER) in ozone nonattainment areas. In addition, in mid-2009, the U.S. EPA revised the Standards of Performance for Petroleum Rehneries (40 CFR 60 Subpart Ja) to include NO, standards for process heaters and FCCUs. 

Wl Hazardous Air Contaminants Without Acceptable Ambient Concentrations Requiring Application of Lowest Achievable Emission Rates 300 Ib/year DNR 445.04 WAC 1988... 

Reasonably Available Control Technology (RACT), Best Available Control Technology (BACT), and Lowest Achievable Emission Rate (LAER) Clearinghouse... 

The NSR requirements include, but are not limited to, requirements that a new or modified major stationary source will apply controls representing lowest achievable emission rate (LAER) and that the source will obtain an emission offset prior to operation. LAER is generally defined as the most stringent emission limitation which is achieved in practice by such category of source. In many cases LAER would include consideration of catalytic reduction controls. Emission offsets refers to the CAA requirement that a new or modified major stationary source obtain emission reductions from the same source or other sources in the area so that there is no net increase in emissions in the area. Also, State rules must ensure that NO, offsets will be consistent with any applicable attainment demonstrations. The NSR requirements detailed in section III.G of the General Preamble (2) for major VOC sources also apply for major NO, sources. 

Facihties located in non-attainment areas or that are increasing emissions in such areas must apply for a state permit prior to starting construction. The permit must codify that they are applying Lowest Achievable Emissions Rate (LAER). LAER is also estabhshed on a case by case basis. They also need to obtain equivalent offsetting emissions reductions (Offsets) from existing soxuces within the non-attainment area. Unlike BACT, a LAER determination does not consider economic, energy, or other cross-media impacts. 

The SCONOx process has been introduced in very few cogeneration units in United States, including the 32-MW Sunlaw Federal cogeneration facility, the Wyeth Biopharma plant (5 MW), and the 15-MW University of California, San Diego cogeneration facility. NO emission levels at or below 1.0 ppm have been demonstrated. However, the costs associated with the catalyst and the mechanical installation make this technology more expensive than SCR, so that its use is very limited and confined to either lowest achievable emission rate (LAER) technology or NHa-limited applications. 

The lowest achievable emission rate (LAER), which is defined as the most stringent emission limit that can be achieved in practice... 

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