Stack tests

Collecting a sample is a costly and timecosts minimized consistent with other objectives. It makes little sense to spend 5000 on an extensive stack testing analysis to decide whether to purchase a 10,000 scrubber of 95% efficiency or to try to get by with a 7000 scrubber of 90% efficiency. 

Holland Ah = (1.5V,d -H 0.04QJ/U where Ah — plume rise (m), Vj = stack exit velocity (m/s), d = stack diameter (m), = heat emission rate (kcal/s), U = stack top wind speed (m/s) Highly empirical. Requires stack testing confirmation on case-bycase basis... 

Releases to Air. In April 1989, you conducted stack tests to determine air releases from the battery facility. The release data provided baseline data for a proposed 1990 air emission reduction program. The tests were performed using EPA Reference Method 12, which determines exhaust concentrations as total elemental lead, and EPA Reference Methods 1-4, which determine total exhaust volumes. Releases from all stacks and vents at the facility were measured, including those from the following release points ... 

The total releases to air from the facility must be entered m Part III, Section 5 of Form R in pounds per year. The stack test results provide the concentration of metallic lead in each exhaust stream in grains per cubic toot and the exhaust rate in cubic feet per minute. Using the appropriate conversion factors, knowing the scrubber efficiency (from the manufacturer s data), and assuming yourfacility operates 24 hours per day, 300 days per year, you can calculate the total lead releases from the stack test data. Because point (stack) releases of lead are 2,400 pounds per year,-which is greater than the 999 pounds per year ranges in column A. 1, you must enter the actual calculated amount in column A.2 of Section 5.2. 

In Section 7, columns C and E you must Indicate the range of influent concentration and treatment efficiency, respectively, lor each treatment system listed. The facility must estimate the efficiency and influent concentration of each air omission treatment system, as the stack test program did not determine influent concentrations. The facility has manufacturers data on the efficiency of each treatment system and should use this information along with effluent concentration data to estimate the influent concentrations. The efficiency estimates for air treatment systems are not based on operating data this must be indicated in column F of Section 7. 

FIGURE 2.23 Stability of 7-cell SOFC stack tested at 1000°C in pure hydrogen and spent fuel (10 vol% CO + 5 vol% H2 + 85 vol% C02) without and with 50 ppm H2S. (From Feduska, W. and Isenberg, A.O., J. Power Sources, 10 89-102, 1983. Copyright by Elsevier, reproduced with permission.)... 

FIGURE 5.5 Comparison of measured stack test data to that predicted by Ceramatec s Leak Model. 

While necessary, the property measurements alone do not provide all the necessary information about the functionality of the seal material. However, material screening and evaluation using stack tests are not practical. In this section experimental techniques to evaluate the seal material in addition to property measurements are discussed. While discussions focus on glass or glass-ceramic composite seal materials, many of the techniques apply to other types of seal materials. 

Filterable PM Particles that are directly emitted by a source as a solid or liquid at stack or release conditions and captured on the filter of a stack test train. 

The pollutant is defined by the testing method. Several stack test methods exist to measure the different types and sizes of particnlate matter as shown in Table 18.2. 

Marathon has not observed a visible plume with use of NH3 injection. The majority of the injected NH3 is either reacted or absorbed on the catalyst fines. Stack test data measured <3 ppm NH3 slip with 90 ppm NH3 injection at the inlet. 

In-stack testing procedures are still under development with a greater inclination on the part of developers to produce samples of use for receptor modeling. New sampling methods include dilution with clean air to simulate ambient conditions, filter media amenable to chemical analyses, and samples in size ranges similar to those sampled in ambient air. 

Recommendation 3-9. The Army should evaluate state-of-the-art analytical tools for continuous monitoring of emissions of metals, dioxins, and products of incomplete combustion. If they are effective, the Army could install them at chemical agent disposal facilities where applicable. If continuous monitors are not effective, the Army could conduct stack tests for dioxins/furans, mercury, and organics at suitable intervals to provide some additional assurance to the surrounding communities that the modified baseline process is working properly. 

Amtest. State of Washington, Department of Ecology. Rubber Tire Chip Trial Burn. Holnam Incorporated Industries. Stack Testing and Chemical Analysis. October 15-19, 1990. 

In practice, pyro-gas will always contain some non-condensed light oils. Table 8-5 gives the composition of the light oil condensed from pyro-gas at 0 C (32 F).4 Listed among the components are toluene, benzene, hexane, styrene, and xylene. Emissions of benzene, ethylbenzene, toluene, and xylene were measured in the stack test at Conrad Industries. Flow rates for the tests measuring these compounds were not reported thus, emission rates (lbs/MMBtu) could not be estimated. 

The UN classification of explosive packages consists of three kinds of tests i.e. the single package test, the stack test and the external fire test... 

A package of five large cases containing sporting paper caps was placed in a hole in the ground,and the stack test was carried out similarily to the single package test. 

The final element on the outer side of the unit cell (Figs. 1 and 2) is the current collector plate, which typically contains the machined gas flow field. These two functions of current collector and gas flow field may be fulfilled, in principle, by two separate components but, in most of the cells and and stacks tested so far, the flow field is machined in the current collector plate using a range of geometries, e.g., a single serpentine channel, parallel channel flow and series-parallel combinations. The specific flow-field geometry may be critical in fulfilling the requirements of effective water supply and effective liquid water removal from the cathode. 

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