Meeting a Standard

We argue that those involved in standard setting need to respond to these concerns. Specifically, we need to ensure that the process for delivering standards takes account of any unintended consequences (e.g., the costs of meeting a standard), and that the outcome provides a reasonable balance between environmental protection and regulatory costs. Furthermore, the process must be transparent and auditable. This means it should be participatory, communicative, and inclusive. If this can be achieved, the outcomes are more likely to be trusted by all those who are affected by the standards that are eventually introduced. 

Also, MCDA allows the costs and practicality of meeting a standard to be accommodated in the final decision. This can be achieved by identifying the technological options for mitigating exposure, each of which would be associated with a different standard. They could include not only a do nothing option but also the application of different technologies or assumptions about the benefits that would follow from adopting best practice in some or all industry sectors. This may require stakeholder input to help focus attention on the most feasible abatement options. A preliminary analysis may usefully be shared with stakeholders so that they have an opportunity to comment and provide further information (e.g., to refine assumptions or prompt data collection to reduce uncertainty). 

Variations on the filter paper assay have been developed. Irwin and coworkers have established a method for differentially measuring soluble and insoluble reducing sugars released from filter paper.192 Ghose and the IUPAC committee also proposed a similar approach for measuring hemicellulases in 1987.193 This method relies on meeting a standard level of conversion of the xylan fraction in oat spelt xylan to xylose in a specified... 

In the 1930s, the Food and Drug Administration approved tolerances for food additives. These tolerances had to meet a standard of reasonable certainty of no harm when used as intended. 

Natural rubber (NR) is one of natural polymers produced by a number of tropical countries Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, Sri Lanka etc. Indonesia, with about 2.6 Million Ha of rubber plantation, producing about 1.3 Million tonnes of NR annually. It was a subject of investigation long before the second WW,from the process of producing a raw NR which should meet a standard of quality to the process of producing rubber goods. 

Whilst needle felts are produced to countless specifications in order to address the nature, volume and velocity of the dust being collected, the type of filter employed, to meet a standard test requirement or an equipment manufacturer s specification, their area densities will generally fall between 340 and 640 gm the greater the dust load and intensity of cleaning, the greater is the area density. 

Several forms of apparatus employing electrical heati iig wi 11 be described. A simple form may be readily constructed from a domestic electric iron of 400-500 watts rating. The handle is removed, and two holes of 8 mm. diameter are drilled through the base (ca. 11 mm. thick) so that they meet in the centre of the block. One hole is for a 360° thermometer (small bulb) the other hole is spare and can be used for comparison with a standard thermometer. The heater is mounted on a sheet of thick asbestos board which is fixed to an appropriate wooden base. The wires from the heating unit are connected to two insulated terminals fitted on the board (Fig. 11, 11, 1). The rate of heating is controlled by either of the following methods ... 

A. Tewarson, "Heat Release and Surface Flame Spread," lEC TC 89-WG8 Meeting, British Standards Institution, London, Oct. 1992. 

Until 1990 the EPA maintained a Hst of chemicals suitable for potable water treatment ia the United States. Siace then the entire question of certification and standards has been turned over to a group of organi2ations headed by the National Sanitation Eoundation, which has issued voluntary standards. As of January 1992, standards had been issued for most of the principal inorganic products, but only for two polymers, poly(DADMAC) and Epi-DMA (epichl orohydrin dimethyl amine) polymers (78). Certifications for commercial products meeting specified standards are issued by the National Sanitation Eoundation, Underwriter Laboratories, and Risk Eocus/Versar (79). 

The fermentation-derived food-grade product is sold in 50, 80, and 88% concentrations the other grades are available in 50 and 88% concentrations. The food-grade product meets the Vood Chemicals Codex III and the pharmaceutical grade meets the FCC and the United States Pharmacopoeia XK specifications (7). Other lactic acid derivatives such as salts and esters are also available in weU-estabhshed product specifications. Standard analytical methods such as titration and Hquid chromatography can be used to determine lactic acid, and other gravimetric and specific tests are used to detect impurities for the product specifications. A standard titration method neutralizes the acid with sodium hydroxide and then back-titrates the acid. An older standard quantitative method for determination of lactic acid was based on oxidation by potassium permanganate to acetaldehyde, which is absorbed in sodium bisulfite and titrated iodometricaHy. 

RCRA incinerator regulations include adrninistrative as weU as performance standards. Administrative standards include procedures for waste analysis, inspection of equipment, monitoring, and facihty security. Steps needed to meet adrninistrative standards are outlined ia the permit apphcation performance standards are demonstrated during a trial bum. Trial bum operating conditions are included in the permit to assure ongoing compliance with the performance standards. Performance standards include destmction and removal efficiency (DRE), particulate emissions limits, products of incomplete combustion emission limits, metal emission limits, and HCl and Cl emission limits (see Exhaust CONTROL, INDUSTRIAL). 

Ideally a standard cell is constmcted simply and is characterized by a high constancy of emf, a low temperature coefficient of emf, and an emf close to one volt. The Weston cell, which uses a standard cadmium sulfate electrolyte and electrodes of cadmium amalgam and a paste of mercury and mercurous sulfate, essentially meets these conditions. The voltage of the cell is 1.0183 V at 20°C. The a-c Josephson effect, which relates the frequency of a superconducting oscillator to the potential difference between two superconducting components, is used by NIST to maintain the unit of emf. The definition of the volt, however, remains as the Q/A derivation described. 

Regulations. In order to decrease the amount of anthropogenic release of mercury in the United States, the EPA has limited both use and disposal of mercury. In 1992, the EPA banned land disposal of high mercury content wastes generated from the electrolytic production of chlorine—caustic soda (14), accompanied by a one-year variance owing to a lack of available waste treatment faciUties in the United States. A thermal treatment process meeting EPA standards for these wastes was developed by 1993. The use of mercury and mercury compounds as biocides in agricultural products and paints has also been banned by the EPA. 

Low Level Waste. The NRC 10CFR61 specifies the nature of the protection required for waste containers (20). Class A wastes must meet minimum standards, including no use of cardboard, wastes must be solidified, have less than 1% Hquid, and not be combustible, corrosive, or explosive. Class B wastes must meet the minimum standards but also have stabiHty, ie, these must retain size and shape under soil weight, and not be influenced by moisture or radiation. Class C wastes must be isolated from a potential inadvertent intmder, ie, one who uses unrestricted land for a home or farm. Institutional control of a disposal faciHty for 100 years after closure is requited. 

Every developed nation has experienced product tampering incidents. The principal difference between domestic and foreign incidents is the motive of the tamperers. In the United States, typically random tampering without prior threat occurs whereas outside the United States, extortion prior to injury occurs, with money appearing to be the primary motive. Most developed nations are either implementing or modifying their rules on the use of tamper-evident packaging. Some features as they are used in the United States would have to be modified or the use of a secondary feature required to meet the standards of various other countries. 

The role of chemical technology in printing is also changing. Whereas a need exists for hard copy, whether for visual, legal, or historical reasons, the hard copy must meet new standards of performance, including visual and environmental. Many traditional printing processes have become unacceptable in the workplace, and are being replaced by processes that are water-based, dry, desktop, or in some other ways more convenient. 

Regulating dmg quaHty is a federal concern that is reflected beyond the approval process. PDA has implemented extensive regulations to ensure that dmg products that are produced and marketed, as well as thek chemical constituents, continue to meet high standards of quaHty, purity, and safety, and have the identity and strength accurately represented. 

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