Percentage reduction

In addition to achieving the o2one standard by the deadline, moderate and higher areas must demonstrate a total net VOC emissions reduction below the base year ia accordance with an aggressive schedule of percentage reductions. These reductions are 15% ia the first six years (through November 15, 1996), and 3%/yr thereafter. 

The particular learning curve is usually characterized by the percentage reduction in the cumulative average value Y when the number of units X is doubled. From this definition it follows that... 

Strain after fracture and percentage reduction in area are used as measures of ductility, i.e. the ability of a material to undergo large plastic strain under stress before it fractures. 

The rollback approach assumes that emissions and atmospheric concentrations are linearly related, i.e., that a given percentage reduction in emission will result in a similar percentage reduction in atmospheric concentrations. This is most likely a valid assumption for a nonreactive gas such as carbon monoxide, whose principal source is the automobile. The model is... 

Table 2. Percentage Reductions in Consumption of Halocarbons Required by the Regulations...

TIME TO PRODUCE A GIVEN PERCENTAGE REDUCTION IN THE FATIGUE LIMIT (DAYS)... 

Fig. 8.74 Stress and corrosion time required to produce given percentage reduction (e.g. 15%) of fatigue limit due to corrosion alone (after McAdam )...

Assume that the cost price of L-phenylalanine produced by direct fermentation is 285 kg 1 (100 tonnes per annum capacity). What percentage reduction in substrate costs are required for 1) precursor feeding and 2) biotransformation to be competitive on a cost price basis with direct fermentation ... 

It follows that for precursor feeding to be competitive, substrate costs would have to be reduced by 35.05 - 2830 = 635 kg 1. So, the percentage reduction in substrate... 

The total activity of the enzymatic mixture was determined from the percentage reduction of viscosity [12] during the depolymerization of solutions, buffered at different pH values, containing 1 % (w/v) of the polygalacturonic acid or 0.5% (w/v) of pectin. A Cannon-Fenske viscosimeter, (ASTM series n° 150) kept at the constant temperature of 25 °C, was used to carry out the tests. 

Figure 1. Trend of the concentration of the reducing ( ) and unsatured ( ) groups and percentage reduction of viscosity (A) of the pectin solution as a function of the reaction time, at pH 6.0.

Pulp from ripe Golden apple was pressed in a mortar and filtered, thus obtaining a cloudy and dense juice. Potassium metabisulphite was added as antioxidant at a final concentration of 0.15 mg/mL. The pH of the prepared apple juices was 4.1 4.3. Depectinisation experiments were carried out loading the juice in the packed bed reactor and recycling for 30 min at 25 "C. The reaction mixture was then collected and the percentage reduction of viscosity measured as above described. The y-alumina spheres were abundantly washed with distilled water before performing the successive batch reaction. 

Figure 2 reports the trend of the percentage reduction of viscosity as a function of the concentration of the reducing groups for the depolymerisation of pectin at pH 3.0... 

The immobilised Pectolyase Y-23 was used to perform consecutive depectinisations of a cloudy apple juice in batch reactions. After five reaction cycles, the percentage reduction of viscosity was greater than 90%. The viscosity of the apple juice feed through a bed of inactive y-alumina spheres remains unchanged thus confirming that the viscosity loss attributable to pectin adsorption on the carrier is negligible. The alcohol tests, performed on the juices previously treated with the... 

Iron was present as Fe " in the calcined precursors. For all the catalysts the reduction procedure described in Sec. 2.1 resulted in incomplete reduction of the Fe to metallic iron. This is in agreement with the findings of previous authors [6,11]. The individual percentage reductions of Fe to Fe°, as determined by the separate gravimetric and volumetric measurements (Sec. 2.2), are shown in Table 1. The values are calculated on the assumption that all the Fe is reduced to Fe prior to the onset of reduction to Fe°. There is good agreement between the two methods. Table 1 also records the actual Fe/(Fe + Mg) ratio in the catalysts as determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) on the calcined precursors. 

Iron particle size from X-ray line broadening and percentage-reduction/CO-chemisorption ... 

Soybean nodulation. The results of this bioassay, shown in Table HI, are essentially the same as the dry matter production bioassay. Xanthlum root exudates reduced soybean nodule dry weight Glycine and Sesbanla root exudates reduced nodule, leaf and total dry weight. The percentage reduction is not quite as great as in the dry matter production bloassay. 

A very low percentage of reduction (Table 9.4) could be due to the dependence of the reduction on the generation and concentration of free radicals formed during sonication. This was also the reason for increase in the percentage reduction with increasing sonication period from 10 to 60 min. 

Example 6-1 Friction Loss in Drag-Reducing Solutions. Determine the percentage reduction in the power required to pump water through a 3 in. ID smooth pipe at 300 gpm by adding lOOwppm of degraded Separan AP-30. 

A large part of the difficulty in developing regulatory initiatives under TSCA may be the lack of specific statutory direction. Preventing unreasonable risks is harder to implement as a policy than achieving percentage reductions in air emissions of particular pollutants. The implementation of this Act has therefore tended to focus on information-gathering objectives rather than control activities. 

Always get an optimization report. If the percentage reduction of the least-squares error is 0.00%, do not repeat the last type of optimization performed. 

Finish levels were near the target value of 0.4% and were about one-half that of the cotton from the first rayon wash line experiment. The wax contents of the cottons were lowered only slightly by the washing treatment, whereas, ethyl-alcohol extractables were lowered considerably as was expected. The final level of alcohol-extractables is related to the original level—the higher the initial level, the higher the percentage reduction. 

Relationship between HLB values of nonionic surfactant ethers and esters and the nasal absorption of insulin (lOU/kg) in rata measured as a percentage reduction (D) in glucose levels from 0-4h. Surfactant applied at a concentration of 1 . 9 ethers, 0 esters. Data... 

The EPA has developed effluent limitations in terms of percentage reductions of raw waste loads or effluent concentration as shown in Table 22 [3]. Additional parameters that should receive... 

The first illustration is fashioned after Problem 29 [13] of iron corrosion in deoxygenated aqueous acid. It is assumed that four identically shaped iron-containing specimens labeled A, B, C, D are chosen randomly, and inserted in the acid carrying a corrosion inhibitor. The percentage reduction in the specific rate loss is 93.3(A), 97.3(B), 96.7(C) and 90.0(D). As shown in Table 1, the hypothesis H of no treatment effect (i.e. the hypothesis of all rankings being equally possible) can be stated as... 

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