Other costs

The use of excess reactants, diluents, or heat carriers in the reactor design has a significant effect on the flowsheet recycle structure. Sometimes the recycling of unwanted byproduct to the reactor can inhibit its formation at the source. If this can be achieved, it improves the overall use of raw materials and eliminates effluent disposal problems. Of course, the recycling does in itself reuse some of the other costs. The general tradeoffs are discussed in Chap. 8. 

In this subsection we consider the other cost functional which describes a deflection of the moments from given functions M°. G L Q)- Namely, let... 

Nonraw-material variable costs consist largely of utiHty costs, but other costs can be significant in this area. Eor example, operating costs for additional waste treatment are in this category. Nonraw-material variable costs account for 5—20% of the total manufacturing cost of an alkylphenol operation. 

As part of the PSD review, the appHcant must show that BACT has been appHed to ah. sources. Items to be evaluated include energy, environmental, economic, and other costs associated with each alternative technology as weU as the associated benefits of reduced emissions. Another requirement is an ambient air quaUty analysis to show that the new emissions do not exceed either the NAAQS or PSD increments. 

Increasing fuel costs and sizes of industrial and utiUty installations have forced the emphasis in economical considerations to shift to high thermal efficiency, rehabiUty, and avadabihty. The investment, operating, maintenance, transmission, insurance, and other costs as well as depreciation must also be considered, but these are often less important. 

Annual Costs, Profits, and Cash Flows To a large extent, accountancy is concerned with annual costs. To avoid confusion with other costs, annual costs will be referred to by the letter A,... 

Will the client pay or reimburse toller for disposal costs Other costs ... 

Land Lease Costs. If there are annual payments for land use, this item of expense is often kept separate from other operating costs, since it does not inflate at the same rate as other costs. If the land is purchased, it cannot be depreciated for tax purposes. 

It is obvious that the range of possible formulations based on poly(vinyl chloride) and related copolymers is very wide indeed. For each end-use the requirements must be carefully considered and a formulation devised that will give a compound of adequate properties at the lowest cost. In assessing cost it is not only important to consider the cost of the compound but also comparative processing costs, the possible cost of storing additional materials and many other cost factors. 

TTte most cost-effective methods of reducing emissions of NO are the use of low-NO burners and the use of low nitrogen fuels such as natural gas. Natural gas has the added advantage of emitting almost no particulate matter or sulfur dioxide when used as fuel. Other cost-effective approaches to emissions control include combustion modifications. These can reduce NO emissions by up to 50% at reasonable cost. Flue gas treatment systems can achieve greater emissions reductions, but at a much higher cost. 

Furthermore, although the U.S. EPA argues that the cost of compliance for all environmental regulations is small in comparison to overall industry expenditures, there are many hidden costs that oftentimes are not considered, and go beyond the capital investment for a piece of equipment. These so-called other costs are not necessarily incremental, depending upon the size of a company and the magnitude of its environmental management issues. They include, but are not limited to ... 

Chemical data content is current and generally accepted by science and health agencies such as EPA, OSHA, NIH, NOAA, U.S. Coast Guard, DOT, and others cost and timeliness of updates should be considered. 

Resource requirements. Maintain careful records of staff time and other costs involved in using the system for comparison with resource requirements projections. If certain aspects of the pilot test require more time than you had anticipated, does this suggest that the system can be further streamlined If less time is needed, does this mean the system isn t getting proper attention ... 

Some conseivation measures do not easily fit into the form of an initial investment followed by a stream of energy savings because there will be other costs and benefits occurring during the measure s operating life. Furthermore, it is difficult to incorporate peak power benefits into the CCE approach. In these situations, a more precise analysis will be necessary. However, the CCE and supply cuive approaches provide first-order identifications of cost-effective conseivation, those... 

Residential Pricing Residential natural gas rates are for tiatural gas seivice atid for the gas commodity. The price of the gas commodity comprises about oue-third of the total price a residential customer pays, on average. The remainder of the bill includes amounts for transmission and distribution of gas, system maintenance, safety and inspection programs, customer service, metering, billing and other costs. 

Someone other than the person involved in the job itself should open bids and then hand them to the person involved, after details of bidder have been noted. Bidders cannot expect to be paid for the time or other costs in ordinary circumstances for preparing their bids. 

Based on the survey, the actual costs normally associated with the maintenance operation were reduced by more than 50 per cent. The comparison of maintenance costs included the actual labor and overhead of the maintenance department. It also included the actual materials cost of repair parts, tools and other equipment required to maintain plant equipment. The analysis did not include lost production time, variances in direct labor or other costs that should be directly attributed to inefficient maintenance practices. 

Similarly other costs can be treated as for the maintenance costs or for the... 

The best way to avoid this situation is to clarify understandings before the equipment is delivered. It is usually clear who pays for parts. Make sure you understand, however, the responsibilities vs. the OEM for shipping, travel, and other costs. The details can significantly defer from OEM to OEM. 

To put plastics in its proper cost perspective, it is usually best to compare materials based on volume rather than the weight used. On a weight basis most plastics can be more expensive than steel, and only slightly less than aluminum (Fig. 9-2). Examples of other cost factors to consider are reviewed in Figs. 9-3 to 9-5. 

In a production line that has a relatively long run, the cost for equipment in relationship to producing the product including its financial amortization, usually is about 5% with probably maximum of 10% Plastic material cost could be at about 50% with as high as 80% for high volume production. The other costs include power, water, labor, overhead and taxes. With precision, short runs, costs could be equipmentwise at 20 to 30%, material 45 to 50%. Thus, as it is usually stated, do not buy equipment just because it cost less since more profit could occur with the more expensive equipment study what is to be purchased. Of course the reverse is possibly true. So, you the buyer, have to know what you want and are ordering to a specification properly determined based on the designed product requirements. 

HIV/AIDS-induced mortality and morbidity of workers can result in significant economic loss to business, including direct cost due to increased insurance premiums paid by employers, costs due to increased benefits paid by employers, indirect costs due to lost time due to illness, lost and reduced productivity, and other costs, like cost to new training and hiring of staff. Famham and Gorsky (1994) used a Markov model to calculate the expected medical, disability, employee replacement, life insurance, and pension costs to a business firm in the US for an HIV-infected... 

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