Vehicle performance emission reduction

The simple model was not directly used for monitoring VOC emissions. The EPA determined that a fuel with an RVP of 8.1 psi and 2.0 wt% oxygen would be sufficient to achieve the minimum 15% VOC emission reduction. Baseline emission levels are from 1990 model year (MY) vehicles operated on a baseline gasoline (Table 1). The baseline fuel, derived from average survey data of the compositions of gasolines in the United States in 1989, is shown in Table 1. This baseline fuel was defined to indicate a performance standard and not a formula composition standard. To achieve equivalency certification, refiner and importer s gasoline must comply with the CAA requirements for emissions as shown in Table 2. " ... 

Maly, R.R., Effects of GTL diesel fuels on emissions and engine performances . Paper presented at the 2004 diesel engine emission reduction conference, 29 August - 2 September, 2004, Coronado, California May, M., Development and demonstration of Fischer-Tropsch fueled heavy-duty vehicles with control technologies for reduced diesel exhaust emission . Paper presented at the 2003 diesel engine emission reduction conference, 24-28 August, 2003, Newport, Rhode Island... 

Block M, Clark N, Wayne S, Nine R, Miller W (2005) An Investigation into the Emissions Reduction Performance of an SCR System Over Two Years In-Use Heavy-Duty Vehicle Operation. SAE Technical Paper 2005-01-1861... 

SCR for heavy-duty vehicles reduces NOx emissions by 80%, HC emissions by 90% and PM emissions by 40% in the EU test cycles, using current diesel fuel (<350 ppm sulphur) [27], Fleet tests with SCR technology show excellent NOx reduction performance for more than 500000 km of truck operation. This experience is based on over 6 000 000 km of accumulated commercial fleet operation [82], The combination of SCR with a pre-oxidation catalyst, a hydrolysis catalyst and an oxidation catalyst enables higher NOx reduction under low-load and low-temperature conditions [83],... 

Another issue with the M85 FFV was that while its principal focus was on the reduction of local pollutants, continuing improvement in conventional gasoline ICEs, coupled with the introduction of California Phase II reformulated gasoline in 1996, demonstrated that similar or stricter emissions performance could be achieved by gasoline powered vehicles. 

To meet the 1996 EU emission regulations all diesel engined cars are now fitted with oxidation catalysts. Some, but not many, heavy duty vehicles also use oxidation catalysts. The fitment of an oxidation catalyst allows overall reductions in particulate levels of up to 50%, destruction of the organic fraction of the particulate and significant reductions in CO, HC and the characteristic diesel odour. Very low back pressures mean little effect on performance and economy. Operation wifli low sulphur fuel is desirable since sulphur inhibits the performance of the catalyst and catalyst activity must be reduced to avoid oxidation of sulphur to the acidic sulphur trioxide. 

Beginning in the 1920s, the compound tetraethyl lead was added to gasoline to improve performance. Unfortunately, the lead showed up in motor vehicle exhaust, where its inhalation posed a serious health hazard. In response to this problem, the Clean Air Act mandated a reduction in lead emissions. It was also discovered that lead in motor vehicle exhaust tended to coat the surface of the catalyst in the catalytic converter, rendering the catalyst ineffective. To remedy both problems, unleaded gasoline was introduced in 1974. Leaded gasoline continued... 

The manufacturers of the latest EVs and HEVs are planning to use an appropriate earth material from these REMs, including neodymium, praseodymium, dysprosium, and terbium, for hybrid electric motors and generators. REM selection will be made strictly on the basis of significant performance improvement and considerable reduction in vehicle emissions. Some automobile manufacturers are investigating potential substitute materials, such as copper, aluminum, and iron, to replace REMs because of their high cost and the Chinese monopoly on REMs. 

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