Effective approach

None of the above methods is sufiBcient for neutrons, however. Neutrons penetrate mader so easily that the only effective approach is to use materials with a very high surface-to-vohuue ratio. This can be accomplished with small particles and exfoliated graphite, for instance, but the teclmique has essentially been abandoned in surface sdidies [7, 8]. 

In practice, it is found that this simple implementation is not the most effective approach. There are two particular problems. First, when the two simulations are run in tandem then significant correlations can arise, which results in large systematic errors. There are a number of ways to avoid these correlations, such as moving the J-walker an extra nuniher... 

I which, for an average recovery of 98.1% gives a relative standard deviation of approximately 0.7%. If the acid s concentration is controlled such that its effect approaches that for factors B, C, and F, then the relative standard deviation becomes 0.18, or approximately 0.2%. 

A more effective approach to enhancing the rate of photodegradation of PS is to copolymerize styrene with a small amount of a ketone-containing monomer. Thus the ketone groups are attached to the polymer during its manufacture (Pig. 13) (98,100). 

A chelant—polymer combination is an effective approach to controlling iron oxide. Adequate chelant is fed to complex hardness and soluble iron, with a slight excess to solubilize iron contamination. Polymers are then added to condition and disperse any remaining iron oxide contamination. 

The hydrolysis of phosphites is retarded by the addition of a small amount of a base such as triethanolamine. A more effective approach is the use of hindered phenols for esterification. Relatively good resistance to hydrolysis is shown by two esters derived from hindered phenols tris(2,4-di-/ / butylphenyl)phosphite [31570-04-4] (25) and tetrakis(2,4-di-/ /f-butylphenyl)4,4 -biphenylenediphosphonite [38613-77-3] (26). The hindered fluorophosphite [118337-09-0] (27) has excellent resistance to hydrolysis. 

If, for example, four signals are found in regions appropriate for benzene ring protons S =6-9, four protons on the basis of the height of the integrals), then the sample may be a disubstituted benzene (Fig. 2.6). The most effective approach is to analyse a multiplet with a clear fine structure... 

TTte most cost-effective methods of reducing emissions of NO are the use of low-NO burners and the use of low nitrogen fuels such as natural gas. Natural gas has the added advantage of emitting almost no particulate matter or sulfur dioxide when used as fuel. Other cost-effective approaches to emissions control include combustion modifications. These can reduce NO emissions by up to 50% at reasonable cost. Flue gas treatment systems can achieve greater emissions reductions, but at a much higher cost. 

All efforts to prevent or correct LAQ problems should include an effort to identify and control pollutant sources. Source control is generally the most cost effective approach to mitigating LAQ problems in which point sources of contaminants can be identified. In the case of a strong source, source control may be the only solution that will work. The following are categories and examples of source control ... 

An enclosure is usually an air-supported structure which permits the collection and treatment of gaseous wastes produced by surface impoundments. Enclosures are susceptible to wind damage and can be harmed by the wastes they cover. Subject to these limitations, control effectiveness approaches 100 percent (University of Arkansas and Louisiana State University, 1985). 

Constant velocity method. This is a simple but not very cost effective approach for systems with a wide range of duct diameters. 

Communications, like PSM, is a process, not an event. Whether it s a staff memo or a "publicity blitz," a one-time effort is generally a waste of time and money. A more effective approach considers communications as a long-term priority, a core component of the overall initiative, rather than as an "add-on" or an option. 

PSM is required by OSHA, and we must comply. Our work to date strongly indicates that, for us, the most efficient and effective approach is one that... 

To factor location into the rankings, multiply the total distances by the average population density in the area surrounding the facility. Where population varies with distance, you may need to vaiy the density by distance. One effective approach is to consider population density in concentric circles of 1 km, 2 km, 5 km, and 10 km radius. 

Multi-column switching can be an effective approach for the determination of high and low concentrations of sample components in complex mixtures. This is a very powerful technique for the analytical and preparative separation of components... 

The tetramerization of suitable monopyrroles is one of the simplest and most effective approaches to prepare porphyrins (see Section 1.1.1.1.). This approach, which is best carried out with a-(hydroxymethyl)- or ot-(aminomethyl)pyrroles, can be designated as a biomimetic synthesis because nature also uses the x-(aminomethyl)pyrrole porphobilinogen to produce uroporphyrinogen III. the key intermediate in the biosynthesis of all kinds of naturally occurring porphyrins, hydroporphyrins and corrins. The only restriction of this tetramerization method is the fact that tnonopyrroles with different -substituents form a mixture of four constitutionally isomeric porphyrins named as porphyrins I, II, III, and IV. In the porphyrin biosynthesis starting from porphobilinogen, which has an acetic acid and a propionic acid side chain in the y6-positions, this tetramerization is enzymatically controlled so that only the type III constitutional isomer is formed. 

An even simpler and perhaps more effective approach to the problem might be application of the resazurin test as applied in the milk industry for indirect estimation of bacterial population. Proctor and Greenlie (34) have suggested this application, and Wolford (38) has worked with it in a limited way. The test is based upon a color change involved in the reduction of the dye. The time required for reduction decreases with increase in bacterial numbers. Intensive investigation of this method and its application with respect to increasing its sensitivity, and correlation of reaction rates with bacterial population and quality characteristics of the product, might be of considerable value. 

As outlined in Section III.A, knowledge of the molecular wavefunction implies knowledge of the electron distribution. By setting a threshold value for this function, the molecular boundaries can be established, and the path is open to a definition of molecular shape. A quicker, but quite effective, approach to this entity is taken by assuming that each atom in a molecule contributes an electron sphere, and that the overall shape of a molecular object results from interpenetration of these spheres. The necessary radii can be obtained by working backwards from the results of MO calculations21, or from some kind of empirical fitting22. 

Hydrogen Peroxide offers a clean, cost effective approach. 

Note that the effectiveness approaches 1 as Og —> 0. Diffusion does not limit the rate if the diffusion constant is large, the particle is small, or the catalyst has a low activity. On the other, the effectiveness becomes small if Og is large, i.e. when Defy is small, R is large, or when the rate of reaction is high. The effectiveness approaches... 

These authors constructed Pourbaix diagrams for the MnTe, ZnTe, Cdi , Mn i Te, and Cdi cZn cTe systems and argued that the related analysis is an effective approach to determine conditions for selective etching, chemical polishing, passivation, and self-metallization of ZnTe, MnTe, and their solid solutions. 

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