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Electrolytic solutions

The discussion focuses on two broad aspects of electrical phenomena at interfaces in the first we determine the consequences of the presence of electrical charges at an interface with an electrolyte solution, and in the second we explore the nature of the potential occurring at phase boundaries. Even within these areas, frequent reference will be made to various specialized treatises dealing with such subjects rather than attempting to cover the general literature. One important application, namely, to the treatment of long-range forces between surfaces, is developed in the next chapter. [Pg.169]

Fig. V-1. Variation of m / o and n /wo with distance for = 51.38 mV and 0.01 M uni-univalent electrolyte solution at 23°C. The areas under the full lines give an excess of 0.90 X 10 mol of anions in a column of solution of 1-cm cross section and a deficiency of 0.32 x 10 mol of cations. There is, correspondingly, a compensating positive surface charge of 1.22 x 10 " mol of electronic charge per cm. The dashed line indicates the effect of recognizing a finite ion size. Fig. V-1. Variation of m / o and n /wo with distance for = 51.38 mV and 0.01 M uni-univalent electrolyte solution at 23°C. The areas under the full lines give an excess of 0.90 X 10 mol of anions in a column of solution of 1-cm cross section and a deficiency of 0.32 x 10 mol of cations. There is, correspondingly, a compensating positive surface charge of 1.22 x 10 " mol of electronic charge per cm. The dashed line indicates the effect of recognizing a finite ion size.
It has long been known that the form of a curved surface of mercury in contact with an electrolyte solution depends on its state of electrification [108, 109], and the earliest comprehensive investigation of the electrocapillary effect was made by Lippmann in 1875 [110]. A sketch of his apparatus is shown in Fig. V-10. [Pg.192]

Streaming potential measurements are to be made using a glass capillary tube and a particular electrolyte solution, for example, O.OIM sodium acetate in water. Discuss whether the streaming potential should or should not vary appreciably with temperature. [Pg.216]

H. S. Hamed and B. B. Owen, The Physical Chemistry of Electrolyte Solutions, Reinhold, New York, 1950. [Pg.218]

Rehbinder and co-workers were pioneers in the study of environmental effects on the strength of solids [144], As discussed by Frumkin and others [143-145], the measured hardness of a metal immersed in an electrolyte solution varies with applied potential in the manner of an electrocapillary curve (see Section V-7). A dramatic demonstration of this so-called Rehbinder effect is the easy deformation of single crystals of tin and of zinc if the surface is coated with an oleic acid monolayer [144]. [Pg.281]

Here, x denotes film thickness and x is that corresponding to F . An equation similar to Eq. X-42 is given by Zorin et al. [188]. Also, film pressure may be estimated from potential changes [189]. Equation X-43 has been used to calculate contact angles in dilute electrolyte solutions on quartz results are in accord with DLVO theory (see Section VI-4B) [190]. Finally, the x term may be especially important in the case of liquid-liquid-solid systems [191]. [Pg.375]

Finally, if the sliding surfaces are in contact with an electrolyte solution, an analysis indicates that the coefficient of friction should depend on the applied potential [41]. [Pg.443]

Fig. XIII-10. Properties of colloidal electrolyte solutions—sodium dodecyl sulfate. (From Ref. 102a.)... Fig. XIII-10. Properties of colloidal electrolyte solutions—sodium dodecyl sulfate. (From Ref. 102a.)...
Itaya K 1998 In situ scanning tunneling microscopy in electrolyte solutions Prog. Surf. Sc/. 58 121... [Pg.320]

The situation for electrolyte solutions is more complex theory confimis the limiting expressions (originally from Debye-Htickel theory), but, because of the long-range interactions, the resulting equations are non-analytic rather than simple power series.) It is evident that electrolyte solutions are ideally dilute only at extremely low concentrations. Further details about these activity coefficients will be found in other articles. [Pg.361]

Were the FlCl in its standard state, AC would equal where is the standard emf for the reaction. In general, for any reversible chemical cell without transference, i.e. one with a single electrolyte solution, not one with any kind of junction between two solutions. [Pg.366]

We conclude this section by discussing an expression for the excess chemical potential in temrs of the pair correlation fimction and a parameter X, which couples the interactions of one particle with the rest. The idea of a coupling parameter was mtrodiiced by Onsager [20] and Kirkwood [Hj. The choice of X depends on the system considered. In an electrolyte solution it could be the charge, but in general it is some variable that characterizes the pair potential. The potential energy of the system... [Pg.473]

The Debye-Htickel limiting law predicts a square-root dependence on the ionic strength/= MTLcz of the logarithm of the mean activity coefficient (log y ), tire heat of dilution (E /VI) and the excess volume it is considered to be an exact expression for the behaviour of an electrolyte at infinite dilution. Some experimental results for the activity coefficients and heats of dilution are shown in figure A2.3.11 for aqueous solutions of NaCl and ZnSO at 25°C the results are typical of the observations for 1-1 (e.g.NaCl) and 2-2 (e.g. ZnSO ) aqueous electrolyte solutions at this temperature. [Pg.488]

Jacob J, Kumar A, Anisimov M A, Povodyrev A A. and Sengers J V 1998 Crossover from Ising to mean-field critical behavior in an aqueous electrolyte solution Phys. Rev. E 58 2188... [Pg.553]

Card D N and Valleau J 1970 Monte Carlo study of the thermodynamics of electrolyte solutions J. Chem. Phys. 52 6232... [Pg.554]

Friedman H L and Dale W T 1977 Electrolyte solutions at equilibrium Statistical Mechanics part A, Equilibrium Techniques ed B J Berne (New York Plenum)... [Pg.557]

Outhwaite C W 1974 Equilibrium theories of electrolyte solutions Specialist Periodical Report (London Chemical Society)... [Pg.558]

Rasaiah J C 1987 Theories of electrolyte solutions The Liquid State and its Electrical Properties (NATO Advanced Science Institute Series Vol 193) ed E E Kunhardt, L G Christophous and L H Luessen (New York Plenum)... [Pg.558]

Rasaiah J C 1973 A view of electrolyte solutions J. Solution Chem. 2 301... [Pg.558]

Ionic conductors arise whenever there are mobile ions present. In electrolyte solutions, such ions are nonually fonued by the dissolution of an ionic solid. Provided the dissolution leads to the complete separation of the ionic components to fonu essentially independent anions and cations, the electrolyte is tenued strong. By contrast, weak electrolytes, such as organic carboxylic acids, are present mainly in the undissociated fonu in solution, with the total ionic concentration orders of magnitude lower than the fonual concentration of the solute. Ionic conductivity will be treated in some detail below, but we initially concentrate on the equilibrium stmcture of liquids and ionic solutions. [Pg.559]

For an electrolyte solution containing both anions and cations, with the tennmal velocity of the cations being and the number of ions of charge z Cq per unit volume being Et, the product corresponds just... [Pg.570]

The integral equation approach has also been explored in detail for electrolyte solutions, with the PY equation proving less usefiil than the HNC equation. This is partly because the latter model reduces cleanly to the MSA model for small h 2) since... [Pg.583]

In principle, simulation teclmiques can be used, and Monte Carlo simulations of the primitive model of electrolyte solutions have appeared since the 1960s. Results for the osmotic coefficients are given for comparison in table A2.4.4 together with results from the MSA, PY and HNC approaches. The primitive model is clearly deficient for values of r. close to the closest distance of approach of the ions. Many years ago, Gurney [H] noted that when two ions are close enough together for their solvation sheaths to overlap, some solvent molecules become freed from ionic attraction and are effectively returned to the bulk [12]. [Pg.583]

In addition to the case of a metal in contact with its ions in solution there are other cases in which a Galvani potential difference between two phases may be found. One case is the innnersion of an inert electrode, such as platinum metal, into an electrolyte solution containing a substance S that can exist m either an oxidized or reduced fomi tlirough the loss or gain of electrons from the electrode. In the sunplest case, we have... [Pg.598]

Robinson R A and Stokes R H 1959 Electrolyte Solutions (London ButtenA/orth)... [Pg.609]

Martynov G A and Salem R R 1983 Electrical Double Layer at a Metal-Dilute Electrolyte Solution Inteiface (Berlin Springer)... [Pg.609]

One potentially powerfiil approach to chemical imaging of oxides is to capitalize on the tip-surface interactions caused by the surface charge induced under electrolyte solutions [189]. The sign and the amount of the charge induced on, for example, an oxide surface under an aqueous solution is detenuined by the pH and ionic strength of the solution, as well as by the isoelectric point (lEP) of the sample. At pH values above the lEP, the charge is negative below this value. [Pg.1714]

Protems can be physisorbed or covalently attached to mica. Another method is to innnobilise and orient them by specific binding to receptor-fiinctionalized planar lipid bilayers supported on the mica sheets [15]. These surfaces are then brought into contact in an aqueous electrolyte solution, while the pH and the ionic strength are varied. Corresponding variations in the force-versus-distance curve allow conclusions about protein confomiation and interaction to be drawn [99]. The local electrostatic potential of protein-covered surfaces can hence be detemiined with an accuracy of 5 mV. [Pg.1741]

Simonson J M and Mesmer R E 1994 Electrolyte solutions at high temperatures and pressures Solution Calorimetry, Experimental Thermodynamics yo IV, ed K N Marsh and PAG O Hare (Oxford Blackwell)... [Pg.1920]

Figure Bl.28.6. (a) Convection within the electrolyte solution, due to rotation of the electrode (b) Nemst diflfiision model for steady state. Figure Bl.28.6. (a) Convection within the electrolyte solution, due to rotation of the electrode (b) Nemst diflfiision model for steady state.

See other pages where Electrolytic solutions is mentioned: [Pg.86]    [Pg.140]    [Pg.220]    [Pg.172]    [Pg.193]    [Pg.202]    [Pg.204]    [Pg.244]    [Pg.281]    [Pg.417]    [Pg.361]    [Pg.560]    [Pg.563]    [Pg.586]    [Pg.592]    [Pg.600]    [Pg.1904]    [Pg.1936]    [Pg.1937]   
See also in sourсe #XX -- [ Pg.80 ]

See also in sourсe #XX -- [ Pg.297 ]




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A further relation essential to the description of electrolyte solutions - electrical neutrality

Activity Coefficient Models for Electrolyte Solutions

Activity coefficient in electrolyte solutions

Activity coefficient of an electrolyte solute

Activity coefficient of electrolyte solutes

Activity electrolyte solution

Activity in electrolyte solutions

Activity in electrolytic solutions

Activity of Real Electrolyte Solutions

Activity of electrolyte solutes

Activity of electrolyte solutions

Adhesion in Electrolyte Solutions

Adhesion in Solutions of Electrolytes

Adsorption from an Electrolyte Solution

Adsorption from electrolyte solution

Adsorption from electrolyte solutions Surface complexation models

Adsorption from electrolyte solutions approaches

Adsorption from electrolyte solutions clays

Adsorption from electrolyte solutions oxide surfaces

Adsorption from electrolyte solutions surface charge

Advantages and Disadvantages of Nonaqueous Electrolyte Solutions

An introduction to Aqueous Electrolyte Solutions. By Margaret Robson Wright

Anodic dissolution fundamentals electrolytic solutions

Application of the KB theory to electrolyte solutions

Applications of Thermodynamics to Solutions Containing Electrolyte Solutes

Aqueous electrolyte solutions ionic motion

Aqueous electrolyte solutions structure

Aqueous solution electrolytic properties

Aqueous solutions diffusion of non-electrolytes

Aqueous solutions of electrolytes

Aqueous solutions of strong electrolytes

Aqueous solutions strong and weak electrolytes

Aqueous solutions strong electrolytes

Aqueous solutions weak electrolytes

Aqueous solutions, electrolytes

Asymmetrical electrolyte solutions

Between Two Immiscible Electrolyte Solutions

Binary electrolyte solution

Capillary electromigration techniques electrolyte solution

Cell configuration with immobilised electrolyte solution

Cells with Interfaces of Immiscible Electrolyte Solutions

Charged Polymer in Contact with an Electrolyte Solution

Chemical Potential of Electrolyte Solute

Chemical Potential of Solvent and Solute in Electrolyte Solution

Chemical equilibrium electrolyte solutes

Chemical models of electrolyte solutions

Colligative properties of electrolyte solutions

Colligative properties of strong electrolyte solutions

Concentrated electrolyte solutions

Concentrated electrolyte solutions thermodynamics

Conductivity electrolyte solution

Conductivity of electrolyte solutions

Conductivity, electrical electrolyte solutions

Conductivity, electrical electrolytic solutions

Copper sulfate solution cell electrolyte

Dielectric constant of the electrolyte solutions

Diffusion in electrolyte solutions

Diffusion of Ionic Species in an Electrolyte Solution

Dilute electrolyte solutions

Dissociation of electrolytes in solutions

Effect of Electrolyte Concentration on Solution Conductivity

Effects electrolyte solutions

Effects of Cationic Species in Electrolyte Solution

Electric Conduction in an Electrolyte Solution

Electric Current and Ohms Law in Electrolyte Solutions

Electric Double-Layer at Interface of Electrode and Electrolyte Solution

Electrical conductance of electrolyte solutions

Electrical conduction, in electrolyte solutions

Electrical conductivity of electrolyte solution

Electrode surfaces electrolyte solution flow rate

Electrolyte Solution Containing Rod-like Divalent Cations

Electrolyte Solution Containing Rod-like Zwitterions

Electrolyte Solution, Anionic Species

Electrolyte Solutions Are Always Non-Ideal

Electrolyte Solutions Dissolved Ionic Solids

Electrolyte Solutions and Historical Concept of Ion-Pairing

Electrolyte Solutions and Solvent Dependency

Electrolyte Solutions, Interfaces, and Geometric Objects

Electrolyte crystal growth from aqueous solution

Electrolyte electrolytic solutions

Electrolyte lavage solution

Electrolyte solutes Gibbs-Duhem integration

Electrolyte solutes activities

Electrolyte solutes activity coefficient

Electrolyte solutes drift velocities

Electrolyte solutes freezing point depression

Electrolyte solutes hydrogen ions

Electrolyte solutes mean ionic activity coefficients

Electrolyte solutes nonvolatile

Electrolyte solutes reactions with

Electrolyte solutes vapor pressure

Electrolyte solution criteria

Electrolyte solution, calculation

Electrolyte solution, polarization

Electrolyte solution, purity

Electrolyte solutions

Electrolyte solutions

Electrolyte solutions - what are they

Electrolyte solutions and the Debye-Hiickel theory

Electrolyte solutions asymmetry

Electrolyte solutions behavior

Electrolyte solutions buffer selection

Electrolyte solutions electrical conduction

Electrolyte solutions electrolysis

Electrolyte solutions fluids)

Electrolyte solutions frictional coefficient

Electrolyte solutions in water

Electrolyte solutions ionic conductivity

Electrolyte solutions model

Electrolyte solutions molar conductivity

Electrolyte solutions nonaqueous

Electrolyte solutions osmotic coefficients

Electrolyte solutions primitive model

Electrolyte solutions properties

Electrolyte solutions system peaks

Electrolyte solutions systems

Electrolyte solutions vapour pressure

Electrolyte solutions, activity coefficient

Electrolyte solutions, activity coefficient chemical potential

Electrolyte solutions, activity coefficient conventions

Electrolyte solutions, activity coefficient definition

Electrolyte solutions, activity coefficient weak electrolytes

Electrolyte solutions, colligative

Electrolyte solutions, colligative properties

Electrolyte solutions, conductance

Electrolyte solutions, conductance fluctuations

Electrolyte solutions, statistical

Electrolyte solutions, statistical mechanics

Electrolyte solutions, thermodynamics

Electrolyte solutions, thermodynamics Debye-Hiickel parameters

Electrolyte solutions, thermodynamics Debye-Huckel parameters

Electrolyte solutions, thermodynamics Pitzer equations

Electrolyte solutions, thermodynamics generalized equations

Electrolyte solutions, thermodynamics thermal properties

Electrolytes Based on Aprotic Nonaqueous Solutions

Electrolytes Electrolyte solutions, colligative

Electrolytes and Solution Conductivity

Electrolytes concentrated solution theory

Electrolytes dilute solution theory

Electrolytes enthalpy of solution

Electrolytes immiscible solutions

Electrolytes in Solution

Electrolytes in aqueous solutions

Electrolytes solution circulation

Electrolytes, solution theory

Electrolytic Refining in Aqueous Solution

Electrolytic cells aqueous ionic solutions, electrolysis

Electrolytic cells aqueous salt solutions, electrolysis

Electrolytic solution pressure

Electrolytic solutions Gibbs energy

Electrolytic solutions electrical conduction

Electrolytic solutions equilibrium

Electrolytic solutions structure

Elution with electrolyte solution

Equilibria and Their Effect on the Permittivity of Electrolyte Solutions

Equilibria in Solutions of Strong Electrolytes

Equilibrium electrolyte solutions

Equilibrium with electrolyte solutions

Equivalent Conductivity of Electrolytes Aqueous Solution

Evidence for non-ideality in electrolyte solutions

Formation of Electrolyte Solutions

Freezing Point Lowering by Electrolytes Aqueous Solution

Freezing Point Lowering by Electrolytes in Aqueous Solution

Halide ions electrolyte solutions

History of Electrolyte Solution Development

Hydrates and electrolyte solutions

ITIES electrolyte solutions

Ideal electrolyte solutes

Infrared spectroscopy of electrolyte solutions

Infrared spectroscopy of non-electrolyte solutions

Interface active carbon-electrolyte solution

Interface between two immiscible electrolyte solutions

Interface between two immiscible electrolyte solutions ion transfer

Interface electrolyte solutions

Interface of two immiscible electrolyte solutions

Interface semiconductor-electrolyte solution

Ion association in electrolyte solution

Ionic dispersion, aqueous electrolyte solutions

Ionic mobility, electrolyte solutions

Ions in Electrolyte Solutions

Ising criticality aqueous electrolyte solutions

Junction Potential Between Electrolyte Solutions in the Same Solvent

Lignin sulfonates elution with electrolyte solution

Lignin sulfonates with electrolyte solution

Liquid Electrolyte Solutions

Lithium electrolyte solutions

Local composition and preferential solvation in electrolyte solutions

Mixed electrolyte solutions

Modified Poisson-Boltzmann models electrolyte solutions

Multicomponent electrolyte solution

Neutral Polymer in Contact with an Electrolyte Solution

Non-aqueous electrolyte solutions

Non-electrolyte solution

Non-ideality in electrolyte solutions

Of electrolytes in aqueous solutions

Ohmic heating, electrolyte solution

Osmotic Pressure of Electrolyte Solutions

Osmotic pressure electrolyte solutions

Oxygen in electrolyte solutions

Permittivity of electrolyte solutions

Poly electrolyte solutions

Polyethylene glycol-electrolyte solution

Potential-dependent adsorption equilibrium electrolyte solutions

Potentials at the Interfaces of Immiscible Electrolyte Solutions

Potentials of Electrolyte Solutions

Properties of Electrolyte Solutions

Properties of Strong Electrolyte Solutions

Purity of the Electrolyte Solution

Rate laws, electrolyte crystal growth from aqueous solution

Real Potentials of Ions in Electrolyte Solutions

Recent Research on Electrolyte Solutions

Relaxation of Electrolyte Solutions

Rotating disk electrode electrolyte solutions

Salt Rejection of Electrolyte Solutions

Scanning electrochemical microscope electrolyte solutions

Selection of Suitable Electrolyte Solutions

Skill 16.6 Identifying properties of strong and weak electrolyte solutions

Sodium nitrate electrolyte solution

Solubility in electrolyte solutions

Solutes electrolytes

Solution electrolyte solutes

Solution electrolyte solutes

Solution of a Symmetrical Electrolyte

Solution of a single electrolyte

Solution of electrolytes

Solutions enthalpy, for common electrolytes

Solutions of Symmetrical Strong Electrolytes at Moderate to High Concentrations

Solutions of half-electrolytes

Solutions of non-electrolytes

Solutions of soaps and other long-chain colloidal electrolytes

Solutions of strong electrolytes

Solutions of weak electrolytes

Standard potentials, electrolyte solutions

Static solvent permittivity, electrolyte solution

Statistical associating fluid theory electrolyte solutions

Stripping Voltammetry at Two Immiscible Liquid Electrolyte Solutions

Strong electrolyte solutes

Strong electrolyte solutions

Strong electrolyte solutions, colligative

Strong electrolyte solutions, colligative properties

Strong electrolytes in aqueous solutions

Structure of aqueous electrolyte solutions

Sulfonated lignins elution with electrolyte solution

Supporting Electrolyte Solution

Surface tension electrolyte solutions

Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy electrolyte solutions

The Conductivity of Electrolyte Solutions

The Nature of Aqueous Solutions Strong and Weak Electrolytes

The Permittivity of Electrolyte Solutions

The Thermodynamics of Electrolyte Solutions

The ideal electrolyte solution

The measurement of conductivity in electrolytic solutions

The properties of electrolyte solutions

Thermodynamic Excess Functions. Solutions of a Single Electrolyte

Thermodynamics of Electrolyte Solutions

Thermodynamics of More Concentrated Electrolyte Solutions

Transport in Concentrated Electrolyte Solutions

Vapor pressures electrolyte solution

Viscosity of electrolyte solutions

Water structure electrolyte solutions

Weak electrolytes in aqueous solutions

Weak electrolytes solutions

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