Electrolytes Based on Aprotic Nonaqueous Solutions

In nonaqueous electrolytes based on some organic solvents metallic lithium is stable and can be used as anodes in batteries. Lithium and other alkali metals have highly negative electrode potentials (see Table 1.1). Thus batteries with lithium anodes have much higher EMF and OCV values than batteries with aqueous electrolytes. 

In Table 9.1 certain organic solvents are described, which can be used for preparing nonaqueous electrolytes with a high ionic conductivity. In order to avoid 

In this table e denotes the relative permittivity, tj—the viscosity coefficient, d—the density, and % respectively, the melting and boiling temperatures. 

Many electrochemical devices and plants (batteries, electrolyzers, and others) contain electrolytes that are melts of various metal halides (particularly chlorides), nitrates, carbonates, and certain other salts with melting points between 150 and 1500°C. The salt melts can be single-component (neat) or multicomponent, that is, consist of mixtures of several salts (for their lower melting points in the eutectic region). 

Melts are highly valuable as electrolytes, as processes can be realized in them at high temperatures, which would be too slow at ordinary temperatures or which yield products that are unstable in aqueous solutions (e.g., electrolytic production of the alkali metals). 

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