Electrical phenomena

FIGURE 1. Photovoltaic potential of CRW XV-65 proline-rich protenoid (lOmg/ml) in aqueous solution. Arrows pointing up indicate light (halogen lamp, 50 W) turned on arrows pointing down indicate light turned off. 

The photosensitivity of proteinoids appears to explain the energy source for electrical phenomena in the proteinoid cells. 

Physical factors resulting in membrane conductance (electrical discharges across membrane are determined by fast conductance changes) 

FIGURE 2. UV spectrum of thermal copoly (lys,ala,gly) (1) and its ether extraction product 

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The discussion focuses on two broad aspects of electrical phenomena at interfaces in the first we determine the consequences of the presence of electrical charges at an interface with an electrolyte solution, and in the second we explore the nature of the potential occurring at phase boundaries. Even within these areas, frequent reference will be made to various specialized treatises dealing with such subjects rather than attempting to cover the general literature. One important application, namely, to the treatment of long-range forces between surfaces, is developed in the next chapter. 

J. A. V. Butler, Electrical Phenomena at Interfaces, Methuen, London, 1951. 

A. Kitahara and W. Watanabe, eds.. Electrical Phenomena atintefaces Eundamentals, Measurements, and Applications, Sufactants Science Series, Vol. 15, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, 1984. 

Static electricity hazards and nuisances are typified by the generation of large potentials (0.1-100 kV) by small charging currents (0.01-100 pA) flowing in high resistance circuits (10 -10 Q). This in part differentiates static electricity from other electrical phenomena. For example, stray currents in low resistance circuits are typically of the order 1 A for potential differences of the order 1 volt (A-4-1.3). The electric field at any point in relation to a conductor is proportional to its potential, while magnetic field is proportional to... 

The PTC materials already mentioned depend directly on the ferroelectric phase transition in solid solutions based on BaTi03, suitably doped to render them semiconducting. This is a typical example of the interrelations between different electrical phenomena in ceramics. 

Electrostatic The properties of electrically charged bodies, and the resulting associated electrical phenomena that occur in the immediate vicinity of these materials. 

Static electricity Phenomena associated with electric charges at rest, due purely... 

Electrical Phenomena at Interfaces Fundamentals, Measurements, and Applications, edited by Ayao Kitahara and Akira Watanabe... 

Although static discharges are small electrical phenomena, they are significandy different from a high voltage electrical discharge to ground from a power system or... 

Electrical phenomena may generally be classified as sialic or dynamic. In static phenomena, current or charges do not flow or the flow is only momentary. Most... 

Try to name several electrical phenomena that you have often observed. Before you read on, see if you can name five. Does your list include the following ... 

These new facts about electrical phenomena can be incorporated into our particle model of the structure of matter if we again allow some... 

Edison storage battery, 406 Einstein, Albert, 121 Einsteinium, oxidation number, 414 Elastic collision, 6 Electrical nature of atoms, 236 Electrical phenomena, 74 Electrical properties of condensed phases, 78... 

Cases are known where the external potentials attain high values. Even in antiquity, incomprehensible features of certain fishes were noted. Around 1800 it became clear that these features are associated with electric phenomena, and they were attributed to so-called animal electricity. It was in 1832, finally, that Faraday could show that the various types of electricity, including the animal variety, are identical in nature. Studies of the electric fishes performed in the first half of the nineteenth century had a notable effect on the development of bioelectrochemistry. 

Of all electrical phenomena electrolysis appears the most likely to furnish us with a real insight into the true nature of the electric current, because we find currents of ordinary matter and currents of electricity forming essential parts of the same phenomenon. 

Interfacial Electrical Phenomena in Green Plants Action Potentials Alexander G. Volkov and John Mwesigwa... 

This technique will allow compression of a 100-femtosecond pulse down to 12 femtoseconds or even to 8 femtoseconds. (A femtosecond is a millionth of a billionth of a second or 1 x 10-15 s.) Pulse compression can be used to study chemical reactions, particularly intermediate states, at very high speeds. Alternatively, these optical pulses can be converted to electrical pulses to study electrical phenomena. This aspect, of course, is of great interest to people in the electronics industry because of their concern with the operation of high-speed electronic devices. It also is of great interest to people who are trying to understand the motion of biological objects such as bacteria. 

The discovery of galvanic electricity (i.e. electrical phenomena connected with the passage of electric current) by L. Galvani in 1786 occurred simultaneously with his study of a bioelectrochemical phenomenon which was the response of excitable tissue to an electric impulse. E. du Bois-Reymond found in 1849 that such electrical phenomena occur at the surface of the tissue, but it was not until almost half a century later that W. Ostwald demonstrated that the site of these processes are electrochemical semipermeable membranes. In the next decade, research on semipermeable membranes progressed in two directions—in the search for models of biological membranes and in the study of actual biological membranes. 

C. Lyoluminescence Emission from dissolving crystals Produced from electrical phenomena... 

Summary published in the Preprints of the European Symposium on Electrical Phenomena in Polymer Science, Pisa, Italy, 29-31 March 1978 - Full paper unpublished. 

Smith, A. L. Electrical phenomena associated with the solid-liquid interface, in Dispersion of Powders in Liquids, ed. G. D. Parfitt (Applied Science Publishers, London, 1973). 

Hopfield JJ (1977) In Roux HF (ed) Electrical phenomena at the biological membrane level. Proc 29th Int Congr Chim Phys Elsevier, Amsterdam, p 471 Beratan DN, Hopfield JJ (1984) J Am Chem Soc 106 1584 Bertrand, P (1985) Chem Phys Lett 113 104... 

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