Activity coefficient in electrolyte solutions

Pitzer, K.S., Activity Coefficients in Electrolyte Solutions, 2nd Ed. CRC Press Boca Raton, FL, 1991. 

In 1923, Debye and Hiickel published their famous papers describing a method for calculating activity coefficients in electrolyte solutions. They assumed that ions behave as spheres with charges located at their center points. The ions interact with each other by coulombic forces. Robinson and Stokes (1968) present their derivation, and the papers are available (Interscience Publishers, 1954) in English translation. 

Pitzer, K. S., 1979, Theory ion interaction approach. In R. M. Pytkowitz (ed.), Activity Coefficients in Electrolyte Solutions, vol. 1. CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp. 157-208. 

Pytkowicz, R. M. "Activity Coefficients in Electrolyte Solutions" Vol. II, CRC Press, Cleveland, 1979. 

Stokes, R. H. Thermodynamics of solutions. In Activity Coefficients in Electrolyte Solutions, Pytkowicz, R. M., Ed., Vol. I, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, 1979 1-28. 

Johnson, K. S. Pytkowicz, R. M. Ion association and activity coefficients in multicomponent solutions. In Activity Coefficients in Electrolyte Solutions, Pytkowicz, R. M., Ed., Vol. II, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, 1979 1-62. Millero, F. J. Effects of pressure and temperature on activity coefficients. In Activity Coefficients in Electrolyte Solutions, P5dkowicz, R. M., Ed., Vol. II, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, 1979, pp. 63-151. 

Equations used to calculate L and 4>CP are taken from K. S. Pitzer, Ion interaction approach theory and data correlation , Chapter 3 in Activity Coefficients in Electrolyte Solutions, 2nd Edition, K. S. Pitzer, Editor, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, 1991. Equations for calculating L, L2, Ju and J2 are summarized in K. S. Pitzer, J. C. Peiper, and R. H. Busey, Thermodynamic properties of aqueous sodium chloride solutions , J. Phys. Chem. Ref Data, 13, 1-102 (1984). 

Pitzer KS (1991) Ion interaction approach theory and data correlation. In Pitzer KS (ed) Activity coefficients in electrolyte solutions, 2nd edn. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, pp 75-153... 

Pytkowicz, R.M. 1979. Activity Coefficients in Electrolyte Solutions. CRC Press, Cleveland, OH. Raison, J.K., and Chapman, E.A. 1976. Membrane phase changes in chilling-sensitive Vigna radiata and their significance to growth. Aust. I. Plant Physiol. 3 291-299. 

Pytkowicz, R. M., ed. Activity Coefficients in Electrolyte Solutions. CRC Press Inc., Palm Spring, Florida (in press). Hunt, J. P. Metal Ions in Aqueous Solutions. 124 p.,... 

Millero, F.J. Effects of pressure and temperature on activity coefficients, Ch. 13, in Pytkowicz, R.M., ed. "Activity Coefficients in Electrolyte Solutions," CRC Press, W. Palm Beach, Florida (in press). 

Clegg S. L. and Whitfield M. (1991) Activity coefficients in natural waters. In Activity Coefficients in Electrolyte Solutions (ed. K. S. Pitzer). CRC, Boca Raton, FL, pp. 279-434. 

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