Of electrolytes in aqueous solutions

Table 8.35 Equivalent Conductivities of Electrolytes in Aqueous Solutions at...

Roughly half of the data on the activities of electrolytes in aqueous solutions and most of the data for nonelectrolytes, have been obtained by isopiestic technique. It has two main disadvantages. A great deal of skill and time is needed to obtain reliable data in this way. It is impractical to measure vapor pressures of solutions much below one molal by the isopiestic technique because of the length of time required to reach equilibrium. This is generally sufficient to permit the calculation of activity coefficients of nonelectrolytes, but the calculation for electrolytes requires data at lower concentrations, which must be obtained by other means. 

Millero F. J. (1972). The partial molal volumes of electrolytes in aqueous solutions. In Water and Aqueous Solutions, R. A. Home (series ed.), New York Wiley Interscience. 

Young T. E. and Smith M. B. (1954) Thermodynamic properties of mixtrrres of electrolytes in aqueous solutions. J. Phys. Chem. 58, 716-724. 

Tn the past few years considerable interest has developed in the struc- ture of water in electrolytic solutions (25). This renewed interest is the result of a number of extensive experimental investigations and the realization that many otherwise unexplainable observations can be accounted for if water is considered as a structured medium rather than as a continuum. This paper will consist of a review of some of the more recent advances that have been made in elucidating the factors determining the properties of electrolytes in aqueous solution. Transport properties will be dealt with almost exclusively since the author s main interests lie in that direction. Owing to the unique mechanism of proton conduction in aqueous solution, acids and bases will not be considered and the discussion will be limited exclusively to salt solutions. 

Chemical equilibria such as ion-pair formation of electrolytes in aqueous solution where the hydrated ion pairs behave as polarizable dipoles, may be treated in terms of the Frohlich formalism. 

Millero, F.J., "The Partial Molal Volumes of Electrolytes in Aqueous Solutions", Water and Aqueous Solutions, R.A. Horne, ed. Wiley-Intersolence, New York (1972) 519-596... 

The Partial Molal Volumes of Electrolytes In Aqueous Solutions. 

Millero, F. J. 1972. Partial Molal Volumes of Electrolytes in Aqueous Solutions, in Water and Aqueous Solutions Structure, Thermodynamics and Transport Processes (Horne, R. A., Ed.). Wiley New York pp. 519-595. 

Activity Coefficients, Fig. 1 Concentration dependence of the mean activity coefficient of electrolytes in aqueous solutions at 25 °C (the values are given in the molality scale) (inspired by [4], p. 135)... 

Lu X, Zhang L, Wang Y, Shi J, Maurer G (1996) Prediction of activity coefficients of electrolytes in aqueous solutions at high temperatures. Ind Eng Chem Res 35 1777-1784... 

A very useful tool is provided by the Joint Expert Speciation System (JESS), a joint project of two groups in Australia and South Africa [21, 22]. JESS has a large database for physicochemical properties of electrolytes in aqueous solution. This comprises about 300,000 property values for over 100 electrolytes. Data from the literature are available for activity coefficients, osmotic coefficients, heat cqtacities, and densities/volumes. 

Lin, J., Zhou, J., and Brown, C.W, Identification of electrolytes in aqueous solutions from near-infrared spectra, Appl. Spectrosc., 50(4), 444-448, 1996. 

Standard KCl Solutions for Calibrating Conductivity Cells Molar Conductivity of Aqueous HF, HCl, HBr, and HI Equivalent Conductivity of Electrolytes in Aqueous Solution Ionic Conductivity and Diffusion at Infinite Dilution Activity Coefficients of Acids, Bases, and Salts... 

Diffusion coefficients, D, of electrolytes in aqueous solutions and their impact on scientific and technological communities are presented and discussed. 

A review on the importance of the estimated numerical values present in the literature for the mean distance of closest approach of ions, a, of electrolytes in aqueous solutions, determined from activity and diffusion coefficients and estimated by using different theoretical approaches, is presented and discussed. 

The distance of closest approach, a, attained from the Debye-Hiickel theory, is regarded as an adjustable parameter in several semiempirical equations for the activity coeiScients, has been estimated for a large number of electrolytes in aqueous solutions using data inRef [4] and Eq. (2. 1),... 

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