Poly electrolyte solutions

For poly electrolyte solutions with added salt, prior experimental studies found that the intrinsic viscosity decreases with increasing salt concentration. This can be explained by the tertiary electroviscous effect. As more salts are added, the intrachain electrostatic repulsion is weakened by the stronger screening effect of small ions. As a result, the polyelectrolytes are more compact and flexible, leading to a smaller resistance to fluid flow and thus a lower viscosity. For a wormlike-chain model by incorporating the tertiary effect on the chain... 

The behaviour in solution of the first type of polyions compared with that of uncharged molecules is more involved in that the coil expansion is affected not only by the solvent but also by the electric field formed by the polyion itself, by the counterions and by the ions of other low-molecular-weight electrolytes, if present in the solution. Infinite charge dilution cannot be achieved by diluting the poly electrolyte solution, as a local high-intensity... 

As discussed extensively in this chapter, most of the surprising properties of polyelectrolyte dynamics are due to the coupling of counterion dynamics with polymer dynamics. But, there is no adequate understanding of how much of the counterions are mobile and how much are effectively condensed on polymer chain backbone. Theoretical attempts [77, 78] on counterion condensation need to be extended to concentrated poly electrolyte solutions. 

The effective dielectric function of poly electrolyte solutions remains as a mystery, demanding a better understanding of structure of solvent surrounding poly electrolyte molecules. 

Manning, G.S. (1978) The molecular theory of poly electrolyte solutions with applications to the electrostatic properties of polynucleotides. Quarterly Rev. Biophys., 11, 179-246. 

Manning, G. S. (1969). Limiting laws and counterion condensation in poly electrolyte solutions. 2. Self-diffusion of small ions. J. Chem. Phys. 51, 934—938. 

Vesnaver, G., Rudez, M., Pohar, C., and Skerjanc, J. Effect of temperature on the enthalpy of dilution of strong poly-electrolyte solutions. Journal of Physical Chemistry, 1984, 88, No. 11, p. 2411-2414. 

The free-standing films are either formed from aqueous surfactant/poly-electrolyte solutions or from pure aqueous diblock copolymer solutions. 

Manning GS. Limiting laws for equihbrium and transport properties of poly electrolyte solutions. In Seleny E, ed. Charged and Reactive Polymers, Reidel Dordrecht, Boston, 1974 Vol. 1 9-18. 

J. A. Cox and E. Dabekzlotorzynska, Determination of anions in poly-electrolyte solutions by ion chromatography after Donnan dialysis sampling. Anal Chem., 59,543,1987. 

Katchalsky A, Lifson S. The electrostatic free energy of poly electrolyte solutions. I. Randomly kinked macromolecules. J Polymer Sci 1953 11 409-423. 

Mandel M, Odijk T. Dielectric properties of poly electrolyte solutions. Ann Rev... 

N.T.M. Klooster, F. Vandertouw, M. Mandel, Solvent effects in poly-electrolyte solutions. 1. Potentiometric and viscometric titration of poly(acrylic acid) in methanol and counterion specificity. Macromolecules 17 (1984) 2070-2078. 

Single-Oiain Confoimation in Poly electrolyte Solutions... 

Bratko D, Dolar D (1984) Ellipsoidal model of poly-electrolyte solutions. J Chem Phys 80... 

M. Mandel, Physical Properties of Poly electrolyte Solutions An Introduction, Pacini Editore, Pisa, Italy, 1999. 

In 1987 Witten and Pincus [71] presented a theory for the viscosity of polyelectrolyte solutions which was derived for concentrations near the overlap concentration. Again, at the limit Cp > c, the Fuoss law ti, oc c was obtained. Later Rabin [72] derived a similar relation (for the viscosity of poly-electrolyte solutions) on the basis of the theory by Hess and Klein. With some bold simplifications Rabin arrived at... 

One of the important parameter of poly electrolyte solution is the concentration dependence of the solution viscosity called the Fuoss law. According to Fuoss law, the viscosity, q, of polyelectrolyte solutions at low concentrations is proportional to the square root of polymer concentration, (q In a dilute dolution regime, the viscosity of uncharged polymers in a good solvent scales linearly with polymer concentration or as in a semidilute solution regime. 

Biological Poly electrolytes Solutions, Gels, Intermolecular Complexes and Nanoparticles... 

---