Non-aqueous electrolyte solutions

Barthel, J., Gores, H.-J., Schmeer, G., and Wachter, R. Non-Aqueous Electrolyte Solutions in Chemistry and Modem Technology. II, 33-144 (1983). 

Mean activity coefficients can be measured potentiometrically, mostly in a concentration cell with or without transfer. Consider, for example, the cell (with a non-aqueous electrolyte solution)... 

The electrical resistance of non-aqueous electrolytic solutions is often much higher than that of aqueous ones, and so polarographic and voltammetric measurements in non-aqueous solutions should be made with a three-electrode device. A computer-aided three-electrode instrument, equipped with a circuit for iR-drop compensa-... 

Related to the fixation of C02, electrochemical carbon , which is prepared by converting carbon halides (e.g. polytetrafluoroethylene) to carbon, is recently attracting attention for its technological applicabilities. Non-aqueous electrolyte solutions are often used in the electrochemical carbonization processes [13]. The use of non-aqueous electrolyte solutions is also popular in electrochemical organic syntheses, as is apparent in Ref. [14], although not dealt with in this book. 

Janes, A., Permann, L., Arulepp, M., and Lust, E. Electrochemical characteristics of nanoporous carbide-derived carbon materials in non-aqueous electrolyte solutions. Electrochem. Commun. 6, 2004 313-318. 

Nakanishi [5] prepared siloxane-modified cyclic carbonates, (VI), that when combined with a nonaqueous solvent and an electrolyte salt formed a non-aqueous electrolytic solution that was used to construct a secondary battery having improved temperature and cycle properties. 

Barthel, J. et al. The application of the associative approximation in the theory of non-aqueous electrolyte solutions. Condens. Matter Phys. 2000, 3, 651-61 A. 

Treiner, C. and Chattopadhyay, A.K. The Setchenov constant of benzene in non-aqueous electrolyte solutions alkali-metal halides and aliphatic and aromatic salts in methanol at 298.15 K. 7. Chem Soc. Faraday Trans. 1 1983,79, 2915-2927. 

H. Weingartner and H. G. Hertz, Magnetic Relaxation by Quadrupole Interaction of Ionic Nuclei in Non-Aqueous Electrolyte Solutions. Part I Limiting Values for Infinite Dilution, Ber. Bunsenges. Phys. Chem., 81 (1977), 1204-1221. 

Baglio J. A., Calabrese G. S., Kamieniecki E., Kershaw R., Kubiak C. P., Ricco A. J., Wold A., Wrighton M. S. and Zoski G. D. (1982), Characterization of n-type semiconducting tungsten disulfide photoanodes in aqueous and non-aqueous electrolyte solutions— photooxidation of halides with high efficiency , 7. Electrochem. Soc. 129, 1461-1472. 

Since Li is very reactive, non-aqueous electrolyte solutions have to be used in Li battery applications. Tetrahydrofuran (THF) has been proved to be one of the best non-aqueous solvents for this purpose. THF (CH2-CH2-O-CH2-CH2) is an ether with a low dielectric constant (7.58), a low viscosity (4.6 mP at 300 K), and a fairly wide liquid range (339 K to 155 K) These... 

Karapetyan, Yu, A. Eychis, V. N. Physico-chemical Properties of Non-Aqueous Electrolyte Solutions (in Russian) Khimia Moscow, 1989 Chapter 1. 

X-ray diffraetion studies have also been earned out in non-aqueous electrolyte solutions. In the case of methanol, there are two atoms which scatter X-rays, namely, carbon and oxygen. When a monoatomic electrolyte is added the number of scattering atoms increases to four. As a result, such a system has ten partial structure factors. If the ion ion correlations are neglected this reduces to seven. A system which has been analyzed in some detail is MgCl2 in methanol [6, 7]. Analysis of the data gives a Mg-O distance of 207 pm and a Cl-O distance of 318 pm for coordination numbers of six [6]. 

Justice, J. C. In Comprehensive Treatise of Electrochemistry Conway, B. E., Bockris, J. O M., Yeager, E., eds. Plenum Press New York, 1983 Vol. 5, Chapter 3. Karapetyan, Yu. A. Eychis, V. N. Physico-chemical Properties of Non-Aqueous Electrolyte Solutions (in Russian) Khimia Moscow, 1989. 

Cover illustration A Li cation solvated by four tetrahedrally disposed acetonitrile molecules. The Li cation is the principal component of the non-aqueous electrolyte solution used in rechargeable lithium ion batteries found in laptop computers and cell phones. Acetonitrile is often used as one of the solvents in these batteries. 

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