Some Experimental Results

The plots we have shown, which are all based on simulated data, serve the purpose of illustrating the principles involved. The results of real experiments are rarely so simple and easy to interpret. This is caused by several types of factors  

1) On the one hand, the reaction may not be as simple as is assumed in the model. In other words, the equivalent circuit assumed may not he quite equivalent. 

2) The formation of adsorbed intermediates can lead to an adsorption pseudocapacitance. The corresponding equivalent circuit will then have two different time constants that will show up as two semicircles, which could be separated or 

In conclusion, the use of the technique of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy is straightforward only when the behavior is simple and can be modeled by an equivalent circuit that involves just a few adjustable parameters. The real picture found experimentally is rarely as simple as that shown by simulation. When complex 

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The Debye-Htickel limiting law predicts a square-root dependence on the ionic strength/= MTLcz of the logarithm of the mean activity coefficient (log y ), tire heat of dilution (E /VI) and the excess volume it is considered to be an exact expression for the behaviour of an electrolyte at infinite dilution. Some experimental results for the activity coefficients and heats of dilution are shown in figure A2.3.11 for aqueous solutions of NaCl and ZnSO at 25°C the results are typical of the observations for 1-1 (e.g.NaCl) and 2-2 (e.g. ZnSO ) aqueous electrolyte solutions at this temperature. 

The experiment was repeated for the solvated salt KF HOAc, where the molecule of solvation is acetic acid, HOAc. Some experimental results calculated from the or iginal paper are shown in Table 3-2 ... 

The experimental and theoretical results for E., are shown in Figure 3-41 for a resin content by weight ranging from 10% to 100%. Because E. is not a function of C, only k was varied — two values were chosen k = 1 and k =. 9. Some experimental results in Figure 3-41 lie above the curve for k=1 (i.e., above the upper bound ) some results lie below k =. 9. However, most results lie between k =. 9 and k = 1 with k =. 9 being a conservative estimate of the behavior. The actual specimens were handmade, so the resin content might not be precise, and fiber misalignment is not unexpected. Thus, the results above the upper bound are not unusual nor is the basic fact of variation in E. ... 

When two indicators are studied at high concentration, we cannot expect to obtain two parallel straight lines, like those of Fig. 67. If, however, a curve is obtained for one indicator, we may hope that the experimental points for the other indicator will lie on a curve which is the same except that it is displaced vertically with respect to the other by an amount equal to (Jm — Jn), the difference between the binding energies. Some experimental results are shown in Fig. 68 where the... 

Analysis of some experimental results [527, 528, 532] suggests that niobium oxides are first formed as gaseous components resulting from the pure gas-phase hydrolysis ... 

Some experimental results for the helium-xenon system are shown in Fig. 25. (The critical temperature of xenon is 16.6°C.) At temperatures several degrees above the critical of xenon, the two phase-compositions are significantly different even at pressures as low as 200 atm. However, to obtain the same degree of separation at higher temperatures, much higher pressures are required. 

A double glazing was used as transparent insulation. Figure 173 shows some experimental results from an installation in a test building. 

The general characteristics of these ions have been reviewed by Bricard and Pradel (1966). The attachment of radon and thoron daughter ions to aerosols including condensation nuclei has been studied by a number of investigators (Raabe, 1968 McLaughlin, 1972 Porstendorfer and Mercer, 1979 and Busigin, et al., 1981), and will not be considered further in this paper. We turn now to some experimental results that bear directly on the characteristics of the radon daughter ions. 

Salient theoretical features of the kinetics of geminate electron-ion recombination have been presented in Sect. 7.5. Here we will discuss some experimental results and their theoretical implications. 

McCaffrey, B.J., Purely Buoyant Diffusion Flames Some Experimental Results, NBSIR 79-1910, National Bureau of Standards, Gaithersburg, Maryland, 1979. 

In situ emission Mossbauer spectroscopy provides valuable information on the chemical structure of dilute metal ions at the metal oxide/aqueous solution interface The principles of the method are described with some experimental results on divalent Co-57 and pentavalent Sb-119 adsorbed on hematite. 

C.E. presumably affects also some experimental results on the ys. In particular, the effect of particle size on vapor pressure and solubilities, Sections III.6 and III.7, are related to C.E. more than to the true surface energy as already pointed out, small particles usually have a less perfect crystal lattice than do larger crystals. A more direct estimate of C.E. is afforded by the measurements of the heat of dissolution. 

It is the intensity of light transmitted by a sample of path length . It can be shown that t = (16 ir/3)R so that Eqs. (22) and (40) may be expressed with r in place of R0 and an optical constant H (= 16 jtK/3) in place of K. Although r is usually too small to be measured as such directly, some experimental results are often reported in the form of He/t even though Kc/Rg is the measured quantity. 

When analyzing In detail the spectroscopic observations of the Investigated compounds and symmetrical porphyrins some spectral pecularltles should be emphasized, which are characteristic only of porphyrins with non-symmetrical substitution. Figures 2-9 give some experimental results obtained for porphyrins with different side and Isocycle substituents. 

With this background we can now illustrate and refine these notions with some experimental results for cured epoxy resins. 

It was assumed that values of other model parameters (A, B, K, and M) are the same for both KDP and DKDP. These values were chosen to reproduce some experimental results for KDP. More precisely, KDP and DKDP systems have the Hamiltonian defined by Eqs. 5-7. In the case of classical PO4 dipoles both systems show a ferroelectric ordered state at T = 0 K where /u, = yu, holds for each PO4 dipole. It follows from Eq. 6 that the potential energy per dipole in this state is given by ... 

The purpose of this chapter is to summarise some experimental results concerning Oxane Hd , especially clinical results obtained before the commercialisation of Oxane Hd . Since 2003, the compound was used extensively in the world and many clinical studies were realised but are not discussed in this chapter. 

Drops and bubbles in highly purified systems are significantly more deformed than corresponding fluid particles in contaminated systems. Increased flattening of fluid particles in pure systems results from increased inertia forces related to the increased terminal velocities discussed above. Some experimental results for drops and bubbles in water (low M systems) are shown in Fig. 7.9. The... 

Some of these areas have been recently reviewed by Rosynek O), polymerization of olefins has been reviewed by Mazzei (6), and Minachev (7 ) in a recent paper summarized some experimental results in the areas of isomerization, hydrogenation, and oxidation. We will try not to overlap these recent reviews. 

Since there is such an imprecise division between direct and indirect effects in the literature, some experimental results are presented to clarify this classification. Basically, one cannot detect HO radicals at low DNA hydrations (ca. 10 water molecules per nucleotide) [12]. This means that in the first step of ionization, the hole produced in the DNA hydration shell transfers to the DNA. It is impossible to distinguish the products from the hole or electron initially formed in the water from the direct-effect damage products. For this discussion, direct-type damage will be considered to arise from direct ionization of DNA or from the transfer of electrons and holes from the DNA solvation shell to the DNA itself. 

A novel modification method, in solid state, has recently been tested (9). Simplicity as well as effectiveness seem to hold promise for this technique (9). Some experimental results are summarized in Table II. 

What are the advantages of the radiochemical method compared with other in situ techniques It offers a direct relationship between surface radiation (N ) and surface concentration, which allows a direct measurement of the amount of adsorbed molecules on the electrode, a condition difficult to determine with other in situ techniques. The main limitation of the technique is the availability of radioactive forms of the compound the experimenter wants to study. In this respect, the type of radiation preferred is of the P-type, mainly because of the ease of detection and minimal safety hazards. Typical P-emitters used are H, C, S, Cl, and P, which as constituents of molecules, open a great variability of compounds for study. Figure 6.21 shows some experimental results obtained for the measurement of adsorption on single crystals using this radiochemical method. 

Figure 6.84(d) shows some experimental results indicating that the entropy of adsorption of water molecules varies in a parabolic way with the electrode... 

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