Streaming Potential Measurements

Streaming potential measurements are to be made using a glass capillary tube and a particular electrolyte solution, for example, O.OIM sodium acetate in water. Discuss whether the streaming potential should or should not vary appreciably with temperature. 

To be certain that ionic character of the HA surface is operative in its contact with the cell in aqueous media, streaming potential measurements were carried out at pH 6.0 and 7.4. The C, potential for the polymer-coated glass beads (48-60 mesh) was calculated from the measured values of the streaming potential. The results obtained are shown in Table 10. 

Here, AP is the applied pressure and is the electrical conductivity of the electrolyte (in Q rn ). Streaming potential measurements are routinely used to characterize the electrical properties of surfaces (e.g. [104]). 

Levitt, D.G. (2002) The use of Streaming Potential Measurements to Characterize Biological Ion Channels. Membrane Transport and Renal Physiology, 53-63, Springer, New York. 

The experiments demonstrate the development of a streaming potential in consolidated bentonite clay when flushed by a NaCl-solution of either low or high concentration. The streaming potential measured in our experiments is at least 5 to 10 times larger than values reported for bentonite in the literature. Apparently this is caused by a very low electric conductivity of the bentonite samples studied. This low conductivity might be ascribed to overlapping diffuse double layers on the clay particles, caused by the high compaction and the presence of monovalent ions in the equilibrium solution. The bentonite, thus compacted, will be a very effective medium for active application of electroosmosis. Compared with electrically shorted conditions, chemical osmosis will be reduced when the clay is not short-circuited. 

The work of Larson et al. (62) represented the first detailed study to show agreement between AFM-derived diffuse layer potentials and ((-potentials obtained from traditional electrokinetic techniques. The AFM experimental data was satisfactorily fitted to the theory of McCormack et al. (46). The fitting parameters used, silica and alumina zeta-potentials, were independently determined for the same surfaces used in the AFM study using electrophoretic and streaming-potential measurements, respectively. This same system was later used by another research group (63). Hartley and coworkers 63 also compared dissimilar surface interactions with electrokinetic measurements, namely between a silica probe interacting with a polylysine coated mica flat (see Section III.B.). It is also possible to conduct measurements between a colloid probe and a metal or semiconductor surface whose electrochemical properties are controlled by the experimenter 164-66). In Ref. 64 Raiteri et al. studied the interactions between... 

Provided the specific conductance of the liquid is known, the results of streaming potential measurements can be used to evaluate the zeta-potential by means of equation (21). In general the values are in satisfactory agreement with those derived from electro-osmotic and other studies, but if a diaphragm of large surface area is employed the results are liable to be in error the reason for this is that as a consequence of the action of electro-osmotic forces the electrical conductance of a solution in the pores of a diaphragm may differ appreciably from that of the same solution in bulk, especially if it is relatively dilute. ... 

Electro-osmosis is the counterpart of electrophoresis in that now the materials to be studied are stationary, whereas the liquid moves at a given velocity, driven by an applied field. In streaming potential measurements an applied pressure difference is the driving force in that case a potential difference is measured. In practice, two ways are open working with capillaries or with plugs. 

Figure 4.30. Electrokinetic potential for polystyrene plugs, computed from streaming potential measurements (a) without and (b) with inclusion of surface conduction. (Redrawn from A. van der Linde. B.H. Bijsterbosch, Croat Chem. Acta S3 (1990) 455.)...

Afonso, M.D., Hagmeyer, G., and Gimbel, R., Streaming potential measurements to assess the variation of nanofiltration membrane surface charge with the concentration of salt solutions, Separ. Purl Tech., 22, 529, 2001. 

CIP was observed in the presence of KCl. The charging curves obtained in the presence of three concentrations of LiCl did not show a CIP. The value obtained by streaming potential measurement was extrapolated. 

Moritz, T. et al.. Investigation of ceramic membrane materials by streaming potential measurements. Colloids Surf. A, 195, 25, 2001. 

Ricq, L. et al., Use of electrophoretic mobility and streaming potential measurements to characterize electrokinetic properties of ultrafiltration and microfiltration membranes, Colloids Surf. A, 138, 301, 1998. 

Szymezyk, A. et al., Characterisation of the electrokinetic properties of plane inorganic membranes using streaming potential measurements, J. Membr. Sci., 134, 59. 1997. 

Carlson, K. and Hall, M.. Streaming potential measurements performed on silicate and calcium aluminate glass microspheres, Colloids Surf. A, 325, 101. 2008. 

Lehmann, C., Mockel, D., and Staude, E., Permeation and tangential flow streaming potential measurements for electrokinetic characterization of hack-etched microfil-hation membranes, J. Membr. Sci., 159, 243, 1999. 

Furusawa, K., Sasaki, H., and Nashima, T., Electro-osmosis and streaming potential measurements, in Electrical Phenomena at Interfaces Fundamentals, Measurements, and Applications, 2nd ed., Ohshima, H. and Eurusawa, K., Eds., Marcel Dekker, New York, 1998, chap. 9. 

In general, we determine the magnitude of pzc and iep by electrophoretic or potentiometric titration methods. In some cases, these data have been obtained by using the streaming potential measurements. In a recent stndy, the wetting properties of silanated surfaces were investigated by AFM. Also, the force measnrement on hydrogel was measured by AFM. ... 

Many studies on the binding of Polyquaternium-10 to hair have been published utilizing a variety of techniques including radiotracer methods, ESCA, and streaming potential measurements [51,159-161], It has been shown that Polyquaternium-10 is quite substantive to hair, resisting complete removal by SLS even after 30 minutes of exposure to this detergent. 

An interesting comparison is possible of the potentials computed from electrophoretic measurements by Abramson 28 and from streaming potential measurements by Briggs.29 The electrophoretic determinations were made on quartz partides coated with egg albumin, and the streaming potentials were obtained from a diaphragm of quartz powder saturated with the same albumin. Fig. 14, which is from Briggs3... 

Fig. 14. A comparison of -Potentials from Electrophoretic and from Streaming Potential Measurements.

In the presence of low molecular salt (NaCl) the streaming potential in the range from pH 5 to 11 is less negative, which is attributed to a compressed double layer resulting in lower negative values. In spite of the differences obtained between electrophoretic, acoustophoretic, and streaming potential measurements, a study of surface charges of kaolin particles is... 

Complementary electrophoretic, acoustophoretic, and streaming potential measurements are quite useful and can give deeper insight into the mechanism of polyelectrolyte-kaolin interactions. 

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