Conclusions and Discussions

EphA and EphB classes were identified, as were structural features which characterize the outliers. 

However, a number of biological findings could not be explained by the CPCA analysis. The authors attribute this to the fact that the ephrin-Eph kinase interactions are best described by an induced fit mechanism. The necessary computational assumption of keeping the protein structure rigid did not reflect the flexibility of the protein interfaces and their structural adaptability. The homology models, on the other hand, provided a rigid protein structure that is biased by the template protein EphB2. 

The close integration of MIF calculation, chemometrical analysis and visualization in GOLPE is an additional advantage which allows a straightforward application of the methodology. With GRID MIFs from different probes, one achieves a comprehensive description of possible interactions in the binding site. Additionally, PCA is a very effective tool for the comparison of the structures on a rational basis. 

A comparison of two 3D structures carried out only on an empirical basis (simply by observation of differences) would be both more time consuming and less reliable since the chemometrical approach is able to dispose of the noise of insignificant differences and to focus on the significant variations in chemical and structural terms. 

Despite its successes, it is important to keep in mind the following limitations and simplifications of the methodology described in this contribution  

The Natural Step Framework and approach are elaborated from the constraints determined by basic principles of sustainability. Backcasting from basic principles of sustainability is a framework that covers relevant aspects of how to plan ahead in a complex system, such as for societies within the biosphere. The approach brings a sustainability perspective to analyses of current practices and materials, suggested solutions and visions, and the strategic evaluation of various solutions and paths to arrive at sustainability. And it brings this new perspective in with opportunities for improved economic outcomes. 

A framework for sustainable development is neither an alternative to scientific studies and facts, nor specific concepts and tools to deal with such facts and inform actions. All these elements are essential. Rather, a framework stitches it all together, creates comprehension, and provides direction to the planning. Without a full systems-based approach and framework, it is difficult to  

From other complex systems, such as chess, a couple of essential conclusions can be drawn in this respect. First, once basic mles are clear, the individual s potential to deal with trade-offs and to optimize chances in multidimensional and complex situations is very large. Secondly, one of the most essential elements to utilize this potential of the individual, and to become professional, is learning and getting more and more experienced. And, finally, beyond a certain level of specificity, checklists confuse more than they help. 

Finally, as the process unfolds - and the marginal costs in relation to utility and profit decrease, as more and more low hanging fruit is picked - it is likely that a need for more sophisticated tools will evolve, including, ISO 14001, lifecycle assessments (LCA), tools for product development, purchase manuals, and so on. To ensure, however, that all efforts are continuing to move in the same direction, all of these tools should be informed by the same framework as is informing the business program - backcasting from basic principles of success. 

Lack of reliable safety data and lack of confidence in safety assessment have been two major problems in safety analysis of various engineering activities. To solve such problems, further development may be required to develop novel and flexible safety assessment techniques for dealing with uncertainty properly and so to use decision making techniques on a rational 

In offshore safety assessment, a high level of uncertainty in failure data has been a major concern that is highlighted in the UKOOA s framework for risk related decision support. Different approaches need to be applied with respect to different levels of uncertainty. 

Software safety analysis is another area where further study is required. In recent years, advances in computer technology have been increasingly used to fulfil control tasks to reduce human error and to provide operators with a better working environment in ships. This has resulted in the development of more and more software intensive systems. However, the utilisation of software in control system has introduced new failure modes and created problems in the development of safety-critical systems. The DCR-1996 has dealt with this issue in the UK offshore industry. In formal ship safety assessment, every safety-eritical system also needs to be investigated to make sure that it is impossible or extremely unlikely that its behaviour will lead to a catastrophic failure of the system and also to provide evidence for both the developers and the assessment authorities that the risk associated with the software is acceptable within the overall system risks (Wang (1997)). 

It is also very important to take into account human error problems in formal safety assessment. Factors such as language, education and training, that affect human error, need to be taken into account. The application of formal safety assessment may also encourage the Flag States to collect operation data. Another important aspect that needs to be considered is the data problem. The confidence of formal safety assessment greatly depends on the reliability of failure data. If formal safety assessment is applied, it may facilitate the collection of useful data on operational experience which can be used for effective pro-active safety assessment. 

More test case studies also need to be carried out to evaluate and modify formal ship safety assessment and associated techniques and to provide more detailed guidelines for the employment of them. This would enable validation of them and can also direct the further development of flexible risk modelling and decision making techniques and facilitate the technology transfer to industries. 

Active catheterization will pave the way for minimally invasive medical diagnosis and treatments that involve less risk and pain for patients and less complication for doctors. Electroactive polymer (EAP) actuators are good candidates for use in active catheters due to their biocompatibility, low cost, large strain, low actuation voltage and ease of fabrication. However, electrochemical actuation of these devices involves using ionic electrolytes which require either encapsulation or perhaps direct use of internal fluids. 

Cycle and shelf life have received little attention. Cycle life is likely acceptable in disposable applications, but is likely to pose a problem in reuseable scanning devices. 

Implementing EAP actuators for active catheter application is still in the research and development stage. However, technological progress of these actuators along with clinical demands will advance the development of these actuators in active catheter technology. 

and Caldamone, A.A. (2004) The history of urethral catheterization. Medicine and Health Rhode Island. 

and Esashi, M. (2004) Biomedical microsystems for minimally invasive diagnosis and treatment. Proceedings of the IEEE, 92, 1, 98-114. 

This work was funded by Amgen, Inc., the National Science Foundation (CH E-9996223), and the National Institutes of Health (HD040366). Experimental work reported here was carried out by J.P. Baker, J.C. Leroux, G.P. Misra, A.P. Dhanara-jan, A.S. Bhalla, and S.K. Mujumdar. Details of individual contributions can be found in the references. 

and Scott, S.K. (1990) Chemical Oscillations and Instabilities, Clarendon, Oxford. 

Epstein, I.R. and Pojman, J.A. (1998) An Introduction to Nonlinear Chemical Dynamics, Oxford University Press, New York. 

Goldbeter, A. (1996) Biochemical Oscillations and Cellular Rhythms, Cambridge University Press. 

(1973) Chemical oscillations and multiple steady states due to variable boundary permeability. J. Theoret. Biol., 41, 503-521. 

Whether this carbon is used as a carbon-neutral energy carrier or indeed to compensate for other C02 sources is not a simple question, depends on natural resources and national development, and is in the end also a question of societal values and political agreements. If the energy content is valued on the market more than the bound C02 and the boxed climate change, it is safe to predict that we will experience a renaissance of carbon-based machines. 

however, we can add a materials value to the (otherwise only morally and politically valued) storage operation - for example, by using the stored carbon as a soil conditioner to bring fertility and added biological value - then storing carbon might eventually become the best choice economically. In this first step, it is quite relevant and pleasing that we have this choice, and that research has the potential to contribute to both sides. 

Lieth H, Whittaker RH. Primary productivity of the biosphere. Berlin Springer 1975. p. 205-6. 

Bobleter O. Hydrothermal degradation of polymers derived from plants. Prog Polym Sci. 1994 19 797-841. 

Bergius F, Specht, H. Die Anwendung hoher Driicke bei chemischen Vorgangen, Habili-tation work. Halle 1913. 

Indeed, the Au II device part had been switched into the high condueting state through switching of the Au I device part. Hence, these results showed that it is possible to initiate switching in one part of the device by switching the other part. 

From the results presented above, a number of conclusions for the nature of the switching mechanism can be drawn  

The majority of reports on switching in Cu(TCNQ) films relate to configurations with relatively large-area contacts on Cu(TCNQ) films in connections with unintentionally or deliberately formed oxide films between a metal contact and the organic layer. 

Kever et al. [10] have proposed that the main reason for the switching is the field-assisted diffusion of Cu-ions into the oxide layer that is commonly found at the Cu(TCNQ)/metal interface in devices with aluminium top-contacts, leading to the formation of conductive filaments through the oxide. We have 

These results for contacts, which do not have an interfacial oxide layer, but do show switching properties, indicate that the oxide layer may assist the switching process, but can not be the main reason for the phenomenon. This is supported by other reports on switching in configurations without oxide interlayers [12, 13]. Remarkably, these reports also relate to structures with very small cross sections, i.e. an STM-tip and nanowires. Therefore, the oxide layer seems to be essential to achieve stable switching in devices with relatively large-area contacts. 

All interviewees agree that the all the safety measures mentioned above can effectively reduce the accident rate to a certain extent. Though all of the safety measures cannot reduce the occurrence of all kinds of accidents, they can reduce some causes of accidents while simultaneously enhancing the safety motivation. In view of the high costs of accidents, the total benefit of instituting a safety measure is much greater than the total cost. 

Though it is the client who determines what kinds of safety measures to include in the contract, the safety manager has the right to decide on any additional safety measures to be implemented. The client, safety manager, workers and foremen have different points of view regarding the major causes of accidents. There is some doubt, therefore, about the suitability of the safety measures implemented. 

Among the professional safety officers, nearly all of them do not have a clear picture of BBS and/or TQM-based safety systems. Most of them also do not clearly understand SSSPS. This is because they have not worked for Buildings Department. It explains why some of the companies do not implement additional safety measures apart from statutory and contractual requirements. The high entry costs and information costs deter them from doing so. Even if someone in the company understands some of the latest safety measures, it is not easy to persuade others to use a new method. The high negotiation costs make the problem even worse. 

Sotnekh, B., Lewin, C. (2005). Research methods in the social sciences. London SAGE. 

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A written report must be prepared summarising the investigational plan, methods, and results. with appropriate discussions and conclusions. The investigator must sign the report. 

A summary of the preceding discussions and conclusions derived from them now follows ... 

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS In this study a general applicable model has been developed which can predict mass and heat transfer fluxes through a vapour/gas-liquid interface in case a chemical reaction occurs in the liquid phase. In this model the Maxwell-Stefan theory has been used to describe the transport of mass and heat. A film model has been adopted which postulates the existence of a well-mixed bulk and stagnant zones where the principal mass and heat transfer resistances are situated. Due to the mathematical complexity the equations have been solved numerically by a finite-difference technique. In this paper (Part I) the Maxwell-Stefan theory has been compared with the classical theory due to Pick for isothermal absorption of a pure gas A in a solvent containing component B. Component A is allowed to react by a unimolecular chemical reaction or by a bimolecular chemical reaction with... 

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