Simple questions

How to interpret a bispinor wave function Does the Dirac equation descaibe a single fermion, an electron, a positron, an electron and a Dirac sea of other electrons (infinite number of particles), an effective electron or effective positron (interacting with the Dirac sea) After eighty years these questions do not have a clear answer. 

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We begin this section with a deceptively simple question. What is analytical chemistry Like all fields of chemistry, analytical chemistry is too broad and active a discipline for us to easily or completely define in an introductory textbook. Instead, we will try to say a little about what analytical chemistry is, as well as a little about what analytical chemistry is not. 

Having noted that each field of chemistry brings a unique perspective to the study of chemistry, we now ask a second deceptively simple question. What is the analytical perspective Many analytical chemists describe this perspective as an analytical approach to solving problems. Although there are probably as many descriptions of the analytical approach as there are analytical chemists, it is convenient for our purposes to treat it as a five-step process ... 

The seemingly simple question of the relation the characteristics of a mechanically prepared metal surface and adhesion to that surface has sporadically occupied attention for many decades without any very general conclusion being reached [69]. In some recent work, Amada et al. [70,71] grit-blasted a steel substrate, varying the angle between the gun and the specimen surface, and measured the adhesion of a plasma-sprayed alumina coating. They examined profiles of the... 

Nevertheless, which particular amine or combination of amines to use (and there are several) is again not a simple question, and selection depends on several parameters. 

Since our backbone 2 aPNA incorporates six Lys residues in its peptide sequence and is cationic at a physiological pH, we were optimistic that this aPNA would be taken up into cells without the need for any external carrier system. To answer the simple question of whether b2 aPNAs are intemahzed, a standard fluorescence microscopy experiment was performed to see if whole cells that were incubated with a fluorescent-labeled aPNA would internahze labeled material [70]. Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells in culture were incubated with BODIPY-la-beled TCCCT(b2) at 37 °C for various periods of time. Following incubation, the cells were rinsed in phosphate-buffered sahne (PBS), fixed with 4% formaldehyde at ambient temperature for 20 min, then washed with PBS and stored in a refrigerator until examined by fluorescence microscopy. 

With this database in hand, a simple question is asked [29] How different is a knowledge-based potential derived from this lattice database compared to the actual energy function used to construct the database If statistical errors are negligible and the knowledge-based method is perfect, the answer is expected to be They are exactly the same. ... 

These seemingly simple questions have profound implications because they ask us to examine possibly obsolete policies and behaviors that have become deeply ingrained and unexamined habit patterns. For instance, let us consider the fields of genomics, proteomics, metabolomics, and systems biology as applied to pharmaceutical R D ... 

Over the last decade there has been a vigorous attempt to answer quantitatively the simple question is a given reaction or synthesis plan green using the so-called green metrics . 

Edgar I have two simple questions about the timer. First, what starts it ticking and, second, does it have any influence on cell growth ... 

Robert Richards This is just a simple question about - are there behaviours, not drive-by shootings in Los Angeles, but simple behaviours that human beings exhibit, that seem to be most perspicuously analysed by giving an evolutionary adaptable account And this won t be the account. And not only that - any evolutionary account, I think we all agree about this, is going to take into perspective the environment, because evolution, we presume, does count on certain constant environments in order to exhibit the kinds of effects that it can select. 

This is a deceptively simple question to ask, but one which is quite hard to answer. We have performed titration calorimetry experiments (unpublished) intended to determine the enthalpy of reaction for the reaction of aqueous formaldehyde with polypeptides or proteins, without success. In our experiments, the enthalpy of mixing was much larger than that which could be... 

It looks as if no one even considered how the improper paralleling of two converters of the same supply rail can cause issues because of their mutual interaction. This issue was discussed in Chapter 8. To me, that is the main suspect here. I would have asked the customer a simple question—how does the problem respond to completely disconnecting one converter If the answer to that is that the problem persists,... 

Bioluminescence, the phenomenon of biological light emission, has fascinated mankind for many centuries. Scientists have been intrigued by it, and for many years have tried to answer simple questions like how and why certain animals and bacteria bioluminesce. This research has led to new insights in (molecular) biology and biochemistry. For example, in the 1960s, McCapra studied the chemical mechanisms of bioluminescence and devised a model for firefly luciferin the acridan esters (Fig. 1) [1-5],... 

The President Dr. Ambros, that is a simple question as to whether you know anything about this letter having been written. 

Many observations which measure magnitudes produce a more complicated result, compared to the photon that either passes the polarizer, or does not. Measurements of this kind can however, still be related to elementary observations. The question "What is the magnitude of X ", is rephrased as a set of simple questions ... 

Although the answer to the simple question what is temperature seems obvious at first sight, it is surprisingly difficult to answer to everyone s satisfaction. In fact, it is... 

The seemingly simple question of what defines a sport has been the fodder for argument and conversation for years, among professional and armchair athletes alike. There seems to be no doubt that vigorous and highly competitive activities such as baseball, football, (V and soccer are truly sports, but when the subject of other activities such as darts, chess, and shuffleboard is broached we find ourselves at the heart of a controversy. 

Polarity plays a major role in many physical, chemical, biochemical and biological phenomena. This chapter aims to describe how local polarity can be estimated using a fluorescent probe. But what is polarity This apparently simple question deserves some attention before describing the methodologies based on polarity-sensitive fluorescent probes. 

In our study we used four population panels of about 75 people each, which were set up in three locations in the industrial area west of Rotterdam and in a non-industrial residential area (Zeist). Every week the panelists received a postcard with the following simple questions ... 

Warm up with nonbusiness issues and routine matters such as the witness s name, position, and years at the company. This allows the witness to answer some easy, simple questions and overcome initial jitters before getting into the body of the interview. 

This is a relatively complex molecule, but these are simple questions requiring only standard procedures and reasoning. 

This problem shows a fairly complex structure, but asks relatively simple questions about it. It is important not to be discouraged by the structure simply apply standard procedures and reasoning. 

Recent publications on major clinical trials whose implications will involve a recommendation to change clinical practice have included summary statistics that quantify the risk of benefit or harm that may occur if the results of a given trial are strictly applied to an individual patient or to a representative cohort. Four simple calculations will enable the non-statistician to answer the simple question How much better would my chances be (in terms of a particular outcome) if I took this new medicine, than if I did not take it . These calculations are the relative risk reduction, the absolute risk reduction, the number needed to treat, and the odds ratio (see Box 6.3). 

These checklists are useful tools that prompt the reader systematically to pose simple questions which aid in the critical assessment of the study. The first question prompts the reader to consider the overall validity of the research question. Did the investigators explain the problem... 

In a process such as liquid-liquid extraction the enthalpy balance is usually unimportant, and the temperature can be assumed constant through the column of stages. Here the question is simply how do the components of the input feed streams distribute. Any other process, such as washing, isotope separation, etc. for which the enthalpy balance is unimportant, requires only the answer to the same simple question. 

However, in many cases this will be a much to elaborate, expensive and time-consuming process to answer either very simple questions what is the half-life of drug Y ) or questions of a more general character (what are the current guidelines for the treatment of hypertension ). If so, there are many secondary sources of drug information, all of which contain information from the primary sources in a processed format, and all which have their different advantages and draw-backs (Table 1). 

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