Biological value

Net protein utilization (NPU) = %digestibility (D) x biological value(BV) complete utilization = 100. Biological value is given in parentheses ... 

Biological value (BV) = % of absorbed nitrogen retained in body tissue complete retention = 100. Data in parentheses for control group, with no single-ceU protein in diet. 

Table 11 presents data on the protein quaUty of a variety of LPC products obtained from rat-feeding studies. Typical protein efficiency ratio (PER) values for LPCs derived from alfalfa range from 1.41 without supplementation to 2.57 with 0.4% methionine added casein can be adjusted to a PER of 2.50 (98,100). Biological values (BV) of mixtures of LPCs, such as barley and rye grass or soybean and alfalfa, maybe higher than either LPC alone. The effect has been attributed to the enhanced biological availabihty of lysine in these mixtures (99). 

Several syntheses of annulated uracils of biological value were recently reported. The key reaction was a microwave-assisted one-pot [4 -i- 2] cycloaddition of oxazino[4,5-d]-, pyrano-[2,3-d]-, pyrido[2,3-dj- and pyrimido[4,5-djpyrimidines, in the sohd state [134] and under solvent-free conditions [135]. The synthetic approach was based on the reaction of NJ -di-methyl-5-formylbarbituric acid 208 with maleimide in the sohd state for 5 min under microwave irradiation at 120 °C to give the pyrano[2,3-d]pyrimi-dine derivative 209 in 90% yield (Scheme 76). The reaction of 208 with phenyl isocyanate under microwave irradiation in the absence of solvent... 

The vertebrates produce, send and detect information which is conveyed by one or more molecular types. Chemical information of biological value (semiochemicals) which partly or wholly activates the accessory olfactory system (AOS) is transferred during intra- and inter-species communication. The compounds involved convey messages of social importance originating from the need to co-ordinate gamete release. It seems quite likely that gradual improvements by selection of semiochemical molecules and their receptors eventually enhanced the reproductive benefits both for the sender and for the receiver (Sorensen, 1996). The dual olfactory systems interpret chemical input to allow the discrimination of odour... 

Schuphan W (1972) Effects of application of inorganic and organic manures on market quality and on biological value of agricultural products . Qualitas Plantarum et Materiae Vegetabiles, 21, 381-398. 

EPA. 1988a. Recommendations for and documentation of biological values for use in risk assessment. Environmental Criteria and Assessment Office, Office of Health and Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development, Cincinnati, OH. 

Integrate the critical appraisal with your clinical expertise and with your patient s unique biology, values and circumstances... 

The high biological value of soy has been attributed to its sulfur amino acid content. As mentioned previously, the sulfur amino acid ratios may have accounted for the large change in acid excretion in the meat period compared with the soy (Figure 1). 

The high biological value of the Grinization complex is being guaranteed by the presence of all required fatty acids, especially the polyunsaturated ones (PNS) from the family of omega-3 and omega-6 in this complex (see Table 2). 

In a series of 28 compounds with 3 substitution positions, MTD MTD and STERIMOL were compared [5). The biological values were taken from the work of Trebst and Draber (1 ) and the results are summarized in Table V. There is already a significant correlation with ir alone, as can be seen from Equation 21, but it can be improved by adding 81 terms for both ortho substituents. 

The US-EPA s Recommendations for and Documentation of Biological Values for Use in Risk Assessment (US-EPA 1988) consists of an extensive compilation of values taken from published literature sources for life span, body weight, food consumption, water consumption and VRs for a... 

Source From US-EPA, Recommendations for and Documentation of Biological Values for Use in Risk Assessment. Available at http // c ub.epa.gov/ncea/cfm/recordisplay.cfm deid = 34855 modified from EC, 2003. Technical guidance document in support of Commission Directive 93/67/EEC on Risk Assessment for new notified substances, Commission Regulation (EC) No 1488/94 on Risk Assessment for existing substances and Directive 98/8/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council concerning the placing of biocidal products on the market, http //ecb.jrc.it/tgd. 

US-EPA. 1988. Recommendations for and Documentation of Biological Values for Use in Risk Assessment. 

The chemistry of sugars is an important branch in the field of organic research as they are persuasive biological tools and potential therapeutics. The biological value of this class of compounds has made this field one of the favorites of researchers. In... 

The standard deviation quantifies how much the values vary from one another, whereas SEM quantifies how precisely you know the true mean. If you want to show the variability of biological values, use SD. For characterizing of the precision of an in vitro experiment, SEM is the best expression. 

The determination of the charge, and thereby the valency, of a boron atom in an organic compound is usually straightforward if its "B NMR chemical shift within the 300+ ppm spectral window is compared to that of a close standard with a firmly established solution stmcture. But, there is a need for caution The structure of many boron-containing compounds depends on the nature of the solvent, and so multisolvent (i.e., aprotic vs. protic) analyses are often essential for a definitive characterization. Sadly, aqueous solution "B NMR spectral analyses are seldom reported—even, surprisingly, for compounds clearly prepared for their potential biological value. 

As a group, the caseins are deficient in sulphur amino acids which limits their biological value (80 egg albumen = 100). asl- and -caseins contain no cysteine or cystine while aa2- and x-caseins have two cysteine residues per mole, which normally exist as intermolecular disulphides. 

The initial Schiff base is digestible but after the Amadori rearrangement, the products are not metabolically available. Since lysine is the amino acid most likely to be involved and is an essential amino acid, Maillard browning reduces the biological value of proteins. Interaction of lysine with lactose renders the adjacent peptide bond resistant to hydrolysis by trypsin, thereby reducing the digestibility of the protein. 

Proteins from animal sources Proteins from animal sources (meat, poultry, milk, fish) have a high quality because they contain all the essential amino acids in proportions similar to those required for synthesis of human tissue proteins (Figure 27.18). [Note Gelatin prepared from animal collagen is an exception it has a low biologic value as a result of deficiencies in several essential amino acids.]... 

Combining two incomplete proteins that have complementary amino acid deficiencies results in a mixture with a higher biologic value. 

---