Material value

A typical economic model involves the costs of raw materials, values... 

Another factor to consider in the early stages of design is material selection in relation to cost per volume rather than by weight. This subject volume vs. weight will be reviewed latter in this chapter entitled Analysis Method. Since the material value in a plastic product is usually over one-half of its overall cost, it becomes important to select a candidate material with extraordinary care. 

Potts PJ, Kane JS (1992) Terminology for geological reference material values A proposal to the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), producers and users. Geostds Newslett 16 333-341. 

The material factor is a measure of the intrinsic rate of energy release from the burning, explosion, or other chemical reaction of the material. Values for the MF for over 300 of... 

The second class of combustion units is BIFs. Boilers are used to recover energy from hazardous waste, whereas industrial furnaces are used primarily to recover material values. 

The effluent from the reactor enters a phase separator that separates vapor from liquid. The liquid contains the bulk of the product, and the vapor is a waste stream. The vapor stream is at a temperature of 30°C and an absolute pressure of 1.1 bar. The component flowrates in the vapor stream are given in Table 2.13, together with their raw material values and fuel values. Three options are to be considered ... 

Resources and Nonbiological Materials (Values are in mg total cyanide/kg fresh weight, or mg/L.)... 

The objective function in an economic model in RTQ involves the costs of raw materials, values of products, and costs of production as functions of operating conditions, projected sales or interdepartmental transfer prices, and so on. 

Input data are the starting material costs cv and product values cl v for all product-location combinations / ,/ e Ivcl in the starting period tx e T. These initial values are given in the location-specific currency. In addition, the latest procurement contract offer prices for c u / p,l e IB2, teTare used as raw material value basis across all periods. All other values are determined in the calculation as illustrated in fig. 58. 

The raw material product value shown in the foreground of the chart is related to the procurement price offers. Subsequently, the following products are listed based on the raw material. The production step costs for each product are the values-added on the raw material value. In addition, an assumed timestamp is considered reflecting lead times of products through the value chain therefore, price changes of the raw material would impact the value of e.g. product E with some periods of delay. 

For a full life cycle assessment, the basic principle is that each material and energy input into the system should be traced back to natural resources obtained from the environment, or to releases into the environment. These are termed elementary flows , and they represent inputs into or outputs from the system being analysed. In an analysis of this type, it may be relatively straightforward to assign a material value to a flow of (for example) water effluent into the environment, but what may be less certain is the environmental impact of such a flow in a quantitative sense. 

As Marc Shell notes, however, hypothesis is inherently bound up with money. To make a hypothesis is to ask for credit that may be called in later, when a conclusion is reached and meaning exhausted. When Plato criticized the sophists, he simultaneously expressed anxiety about coinage—that is, as a division between symbolic and material value Was not even Socratic dialectic. . . pervaded by the monetary form of exchange Was not dialectical division a kind of money changing, and dialectical hypothesizing a kind of hypothecation, or mortgaging (Shell 2). 

Fig. 2. Classification of HT samples on the basis of the input material from which they are produced In-line processes directly transform MSW into HT materials. Post-processes transform residues of MSW incineration (BA, FA, FC, or mixtures of them with possible additives) into HT materials. Values are given for Switzerland (year 2002).

The calculated equivalent weight of aminomethanesul-fonic acid is 111.1. For the recrystallized material, values of 99.9% to 100.2% purity were consistently obtained. 

Hydrocarbon-type Characterization. Table I lists the four fractions, their wt % of the syncrude, and their hydrocarbon-type compositions. The values for polar material for the two naphthas and the light oil are estimates based on their nitrogen contents. The polar material value for the heavy oil is based on the recovered weights from the Florisil separa-... 

Differences in reactivities of the hydroxyl groups of carbohydrates have been recognized for some time. Certain of these differences are understandable from the point of view of classical organic chemistry in this respect the differences in reactivity of primary and secondary alcohols may be cited. The advent of a much better knowledge of mechanisms of organic reactions, in many cases initiated and promoted in the area of carbohydrate chemistry, has clarified some of the complex properties of the polyfunctional carbohydrates. Further impetus and stimulus in this direction should be of material value in clarifying the reactions and possibilities of carbohydrate chemistry. 

In those reactions in which little selectivity is exhibited, of which methylation is an example, refined methods of separation of the products of an incomplete reaction may be of material value. The resolution of complex mixtures is often possible by chromatography62 when the classical procedures of organic chemistry fail. Differential adsorption on activated carbon is another of the newer methods.62 ... 

In figure 9.32 KIc is the minimum value of Kc and in general this value is applied as a material value. Consequently, the formula of the previous pages changes into ... 

Gardner, C. R., C. T. Afelsh, and O. Almarsson (2004). Drugs as materials valuing physical form in drug discovery.Nat. Rev. Drug Discov., 3 926-934. 

The import tariff for the raw materials is 6.5% of the raw material value. Hence, assuming 65% raw material costs the import duties on the raw material constitute approximately 4% of total costs. 

The distribution of an element in biological samples collected from an ecosystem can be equally complex. In plants, for example, the distribution of minor elements or particular species is not uniform throughout the whole organism, i.e. leaf material values differ from those derived from ribs, stems, roots and fruit. For speciation, sub-sectioning of the semi-rigid matrix may thus have to precede isolation of the component of interest. 

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