Copolymers ethylene-carboxylic

Ethylene—Dicarboxylic Acid Copolymers. Partial neutralization of copolymers containing carboxyls in pairs on adjacent carbons, eg, ethylene—maleic acid, has been described (11). Surprisingly, there is no increase in stiffness related to neutralization. Salts with divalent metal cations are not melt processible. The close spacing of the paired carboxyl groups has resulted in ionic cluster morphology which is distinct from that of the commercial ionomer family. 

Many synthetic latices exist (7,8) (see Elastomers, synthetic). They contain butadiene and styrene copolymers (elastomeric), styrene—butadiene copolymers (resinous), butadiene and acrylonitrile copolymers, butadiene with styrene and acrylonitrile, chloroprene copolymers, methacrylate and acrylate ester copolymers, vinyl acetate copolymers, vinyl and vinyUdene chloride copolymers, ethylene copolymers, fluorinated copolymers, acrylamide copolymers, styrene—acrolein copolymers, and pyrrole and pyrrole copolymers. Many of these latices also have carboxylated versions. 

Film and foil adhesives based on internally plastici2ed copolymer adhesives have been suggested. For instance, vinyl acetate—ethylene or vinyl acetate—acrylate copolymers may be used for adhesion of films to porous surfaces. For metallic foil adhesion, copolymers containing carboxylate functionahty are suggested. 

W.L. Vaughn and T.J. McKeand, Jr, Ionomers of ethylene/carboxylic acid copolymers, US Patent 5320905, assigned to The Dow Chemical... 

T he type of counterion used in an ion-containing polymer can have a substantial effect on the physical properties of the material. Many studies have been made in the past comparing the properties of metal- or ammonium-neutralized ionomers two recent books on ion-containing polymers present a comprehensive review of the literature (1,2). There is a wealth of information comparing different metal counterions in neutralized or partially neutralized ethylene-carboxylic acid copolymers. Rees and Vaughan studied the melt flow and tensile properties of... 

Ethylene Copolymers. Ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymers differ according to their vinyl acetate content and molecular mass. With increasing vinyl acetate content, compatibility with paraffin waxes decreases, but that with other binders increases. Low molecular mass types containing 25-40% vinyl acetate are readily or sufficiently soluble in solvents. With a 40% vinyl acetate content, they can be combined with polar resins and nitrocellulose. Terpolymers with free carboxyl groups exhibit improved adhesion. Ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymers are primarily added to waxes to improve their properties, but are also used to increase flexibility and adhesion in paints, printing inks and adhesives, and for hot melt coatings. Ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymers have low water vapor and gas permeabilities (barrier effect). 

Carboxylated ethylene copolymers, metal salts (ionomers) Ethylene-propylene-diene monomer elastomers Ethylene-yinyl acetate copolymer Ethylene-yinyl alcohol copolymer... 

The presence of starch improves the biodegradation rates of these synthetic polymers, where a fundamental role is also played by size and distribution of ethylene blocks. Attempts to speed up the biodegradation rate by modification of EVOH copolymers with carboxyl groups have been pursued but the degradation rate of thermoplastic starch and EVOH composites is too slow to consider them compostable according to international test standards. 

There has been a slight increase in activity in this area compared with that in the previous two year period. For the polymeric esters of acrylic, methacrylic acids, and related polymers the simplest reaction, apart from thermal depolymerization, is hydrolysis, and one or two papers on this subject have appeared. One of these concerns a comparison of the kinetics of hydrolysis of a number of methacrylate esters and a further two deal with the formation of copolymers containing carboxylic acid functions. Methyl trifluoroacrylate forms alternating copolymers with cE-olefins (ethylene, propylene, isobutylene) and these are readily hydrolysed in boiling aqueous methanolic sodium hydroxide to yield hydrophilic fluoropolymers. Hydrolysis is reported to be nearly quantitative with no chain scission. An alternating copolymer is also formed by radical polymerization of maleic anhydride with A-vinyl succinimide. On hydrolysis this copolymer is... 

Abbreviations HIPS, high-impact polystyrene ABS, acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene graft copolymer EPDM, ethylene propylene-diene copolymer CTBN, carboxyl terminated butadiene nitrile telomer M = 5000 g/mol) PC, polyearbonate SBS, styrene-butadiene-styrene triblock copolymer SIS, styrene isoprene styrene tribloek copolymer SEBS, SBS with hydrogenated center block PU, segmented (block copolymer) polyurethanes PDMS, poly(dimethyl siloxane) FIFE, polytetralluoroethylene. 

Several groups " have studied the response of (ethylene/carboxylic acid) copolymers to an applied stress or strain. This type of measurement has been the principle method for determining the unusual features of ionomer behavior. The results of such studies provide clear evidence for the presence of ionic clusters. 

Acrylics. Acetone is converted via the intermediate acetone cyanohydrin to the monomer methyl methacrylate (MMA) [80-62-6]. The MMA is polymerized to poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) to make the familiar clear acryUc sheet. PMMA is also used in mol ding and extmsion powders. Hydrolysis of acetone cyanohydrin gives methacrylic acid (MAA), a monomer which goes direcdy into acryUc latexes, carboxylated styrene—butadiene polymers, or ethylene—MAA ionomers. As part of the methacrylic stmcture, acetone is found in the following major end use products acryUc sheet mol ding resins, impact modifiers and processing aids, acryUc film, ABS and polyester resin modifiers, surface coatings, acryUc lacquers, emulsion polymers, petroleum chemicals, and various copolymers (see METHACRYLIC ACID AND DERIVATIVES METHACRYLIC POLYMERS). 

Ionomer resins consisting of ethylene—methacrylic acid copolymers partially neutralized with sodium or zinc were commercially introduced in 1964 by Du Pont under the Sudyn trademark (1). More recently, a similar line of products, sold as Hi-Mdan resins, has been commercialized by Mitsui—Du Pont in Japan. lolon ionomeric resins, based on ethylene—acrylic acid, are produced by Exxon in Belgium. Ionomers containing about 1 mol % of carboxylate groups are offered by BP in Europe as Novex resins. Low molecular weight, waxy Aclyn ionomers are produced and sold by AHiedSignal. 

In September 1964 the Du Pont company announced materials that had characteristics of both thermoplastics and thermosetting materials. These materials, known as ionomers, are prepared by copolymerising ethylene with a small amount (1-10 % in the basic patent) of an unsaturated carboxylic acid such as acrylic acid using the high-pressure process. Such copolymers are then treated... 

ATBN - amine terminated nitrile rubber X - Flory Huggins interaction parameter CPE - carboxylated polyethylene d - width at half height of the copolymer profile given by Kuhn statistical segment length DMAE - dimethyl amino ethanol r - interfacial tension reduction d - particle size reduction DSC - differential scanning calorimetry EMA - ethylene methyl acrylate copolymer ENR - epoxidized natural rubber EOR - ethylene olefin rubber EPDM - ethylene propylene diene monomer EPM - ethylene propylene monomer rubber EPR - ethylene propylene rubber EPR-g-SA - succinic anhydride grafted ethylene propylene rubber... 

Using magnesium ether carboxylates as emulsifier a porous polyvinylchloride can be made [218] and a propoxylated ether carboxylate is described as emulsifier to make an ethyl acrylate-styrene copolymer [219]. A crosslinked latex with a three-dimensional network is achieved by polymerizing an ethylenically unsaturated monomer with a reactive saturated monomer using ether carboxylate as emulsifier [220]. 

Aqueous, removable, pressure-sensitive adhesive compositions, useful for high-performance applications, comprise a mixture of a copolymer of alkyl (meth)acrylate and N-substituted (poly)amide of (meth)acrylic acid and a copolymer of alkyl (meth)acrylate and ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid, where at least one of the copolymers is an emulsion copolymer. Polyoxyalkyl-enes and phosphate esters may be used as surfactants [234]. 

Polymers with a sizable number of ionic groups and a relatively nonpolar backbone are known as ionomers. The term was first used for copolymers of ethylene with carboxylated monomers (such as methacrylic acid) present as salts, and cross-linked thermoreversibly by divalent metal ions. Such polymers are useful as transparent packaging and coating materials. Their fluorinated forms have been made into very interesting ion-exchange membranes (considered further below). 

The pendant hydroxy groups of ethylene oxide-propylene oxide copolymers of dihydroxy and trihydroxy alcohols may be sulfurized to obtain a sulfurized alcohol additive. This is effective as a lubricant in combination with oils and fats [387,533]. The sulfurized alcohols may be obtained by the reaction of sulfur with an unsaturated alcohol. Furthermore, fatty alcohols and their mixtures with carboxylic acid esters as lubricant components [1286] have been proposed. 

M. Krull, S. P. von Halasz, W. Reimann, J. Balzer, and H. Geiss. Copolymers of ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid esters with polyoxyalkylene ethers of lower, unsaturated alcohols as flow-improving agents for paraffin containing oils. Patent US 5718821, 1998. 

Photophysical Processes and Photodegradation of Poly(ethylene terephthalate-co-2,6-naphtha1enedi carboxyl ate) Copolymers. We have recently reported the photophysical processes and the photo-degradative behavior of Doly(ethylene terephthalate-co-2,6-naphthalenedicarboxyl ate), PET-2,6-ND, copolymer yarns containing 0.5 - 4.0 mole percent 2,6-naphthalenedicarboxyl ate, 2,6-ND (1) and the parent naphthalenedicarboxyl ate monomer, Figure 3 and 4. 

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