Ethylenically unsaturated monomers

Using magnesium ether carboxylates as emulsifier a porous polyvinylchloride can be made [218] and a propoxylated ether carboxylate is described as emulsifier to make an ethyl acrylate-styrene copolymer [219]. A crosslinked latex with a three-dimensional network is achieved by polymerizing an ethylenically unsaturated monomer with a reactive saturated monomer using ether carboxylate as emulsifier [220]. 

An example of an emulsifier for the polymerization of ethylenically unsaturated monomers is a 22 88 mixture of disodium a-sulfolaurate and sodium methyl a-sulfolaurate. The emulsion is stable for much longer than an emulsion with n-dodecylbenzenesulfonate as the emulsifier [92]. Ester sulfonates are also used as emulsifiers in the continuous manufacture of vinyl chloride polymers [93]. 

Baird, W J. B. Owen, and A. Parkinson, Imperial Chemical Industries Ltd. Polymerisation in or on cellulosic materials of ethylenically unsaturated monomers. Brit. Pat. 939,607 (October 16, 1963). 

Functionalized monomers are commercialized by e.g. Clariant and BASF. They can be copolymerized with other ethylenically unsaturated monomers for permanent polymer modification (see also Section 6.4.2.4). An important applicationis the production of deriva-tized silicone polyols (see Section 6.4.2.1.1). 

In order to explain how inhibitors work, we need to quickly describe the mechanism of free radical polymerization encountered for the ethylenically unsaturated monomers. For more details, several reviews (refs. 1-7) also described free radical polymerization. 

Alkali-swellable and alkali-soluble thickeners (asts), as defined herein, are carboxyl functional copolymers produced by the free-radical polymerization of ethylenically unsaturated monomers. The copolymers are substantially insoluble in water at low pH, but exhibit thickening on swelling or dissolution in aqueous media at higher degrees of ionization. In their ionic form (partially or fully neutralized), ASTs generally belong to the broad... 

ASTs are generally classified structurally as either conventional (those lacking associative functionality) or associative , and the structural distinction usually is supported by the contrast in the rheological properties observed. A wide variety of ethylenically unsaturated monomers have been copolymerized to prepare conventional and associative ASTs. The only substantial limitation for both types of thickeners is that at least one of the monomer components be carboxyl functional and be present in sufiBcient concentration to render the polymer water swellable or water soluble on partial or complete neutralization with an appropriate base. 

F. G. Hutchinson, Elastomer Production, U.S. Pat. 3,868,431 (1975). SINs based on crosslinked elastomeric polyurethane and ethylenically unsaturated monomers, i.e., MMA + DEGDM. Reinforced elastomers. 

Typically, a solid epoxy of 3000 to 4000 EEW (Epikote 1007 or 1009 types or an analogue material manufactured by the chain extension of a lower M liquid epoxy resin) is modified to provide an acid functional epoxy. In general, the acid functionality ctm be conferred by two methods, acid capping (see resin 1 and resin 2) of the oxirane groups or by the graft polymerisation of an epoxy with a carbonyl functional co-polymer (see resin 3). The co-polymer can consist of Ae reaction product of a free radical polymerisation of any approved ethylenic unsaturated monomers containing carbon-carbon unsaturadon, e.g. carboxyl functional acrylic monomers, (acrylic add, methacrylic acid, etc.), the lower alkyl esters, vinyl monomers (acrylamides), vinyl esters (vinyl acetate, vinyl butyrate), vinyl aromatic monomers (styrene, a methylstyrene) etc. The acrylic caj ing resin is add fimctional, being based upon either methacrylic or acrylic acid. The former is normally preferred. An acid value of 50-100 mg KOH/g would be typical. 

Gaylord et al. [231] described the bulk or suspension polymerization of ethylenically unsaturated monomers, particularly vinyl chloride, using a catalyst system consisting of a monomer-soluble peroxyester or diacyl peroxide and a reducing agent which is a stannous or antimony(III) mercaptide. 

U.S. 4.911,999. Electrostatic Master Containing Thiourea or Thioamide Electrostatic Decay Additive for High Speed Xeroprinting. Legere, Carolyn C. E. I. Du Pont de Nemours and Company. March 27,1990. Filed December 13, 1988. An improved electrostatic master is disclosed that contains a thiourea or thioamide electrostatic decay additive in aphotopolymerizable composition of an ethylenically unsaturated monomer, an organic polymeric binder, and a photoinitiator system. 

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