Basic patent

The bibliography includes 11 patents [13 to 23] with inventor, year of application, patent number, and one of the characteristic abstracts describing the fundamental subject of the patent. 

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APIPAT DIALOG, STN American Petroleum Institute international, petroleum, petrochemical limited bibhographic data comprehensive English language abstracts of basic patents concepts and chemical stmcture coding for subscribers... 

Section Subject content 1973 Number of basic patent references, x 10 1983 1993... 

Distillation. Separation of rosin from fatty acids is an essential step in utilizing CTO. The basic patent for tall oil distillation was granted in 1911 and the first commercial plant was constmcted in Kotka in 1913 (21), making Finland the birth place of the tall oil industry. In the United States,... 

Commercially, polyethylene is produced from ethylene, the polymer being produced by this route in March 1933 and repotted verbally by Fawcett in 1935. The basic patent relating to the polymerisation of ethylene was applied for by ICI on 4th February 1936 and accepted on 6th September 1937. 

In September 1964 the Du Pont company announced materials that had characteristics of both thermoplastics and thermosetting materials. These materials, known as ionomers, are prepared by copolymerising ethylene with a small amount (1-10 % in the basic patent) of an unsaturated carboxylic acid such as acrylic acid using the high-pressure process. Such copolymers are then treated... 

One such process is the TAP process, the basic patent being held by Dow. It was developed in Japan by Asahi in conjuction with Toshiba. Foam expansion after mould filling is made possible by use of retractable mould cores. Because of the difficulty of allowing expansion in more than one direction this process has been largely limited to the production of flat products. Efficient gas sealing systems are also vital and the process needs close control. For this reason it has not been widely used in either Europe or North America. 

It is stated in the basic patent that ethylene oxide (II) and 1.3-dioxolane (III) are the preferred materials. By the occasional incorporation of molecules containing two successive methylene groups the tendency of the molecules to unzip is markedly reduced. 

Although the first two materials discussed in this chapter, the polyphenylenes and poly-p-xylylenes, have remained in the exotic category, most of the other materials have become important engineering materials. In many cases the basic patents have recently expired, leading to several manufacturers now producing a polymer where a few years ago there was only one supplier. Whilst such competition has led in some cases to overcapacity, it has also led to the introduction of new improved variants and materials more able to compete with older established plastics materials. 

In 1968 the Monsanto Company announced the availability of novel soluble low molecular weight polyphenylene resins. These may be used to impregnate asbestos or carbon fibre and then cross-linked to produce heat-resistant laminates. The basic patent (BP 1037111) indicates that these resins are prepared by heating aromatic sulphonyl halides (e.g. benzene-1,3-disulphonyl dichloride) with aromatic compounds having replaceable nuclear hydrogen (e.g. bisphenoxy-benzenes, sexiphenyl and diphenyl ether). Copper halides are effective catalysts. The molecular weight is limited initially by a deficiency in one component. This is added later with further catalyst to cure the polymer. 

One approach by Monsanto (described in the basic patent BP 1037111) is to prepare a modified polypenylene by reacting an aromatic sulphonyl halide such as benzene-1,3-disulphonyl dichloride with an aromatic compound having replaceable nuclear hydrogen (e.g. bisphenoxybenzene, sexiphenyl and diphenyl ether). This was discussed in Chapter 21. 

The basic patent (US Patent 3256219) indicates that the system is viable with conventional resins although special grades have been developed that are said to be particularly suitable. One example in the patent recommends the use of a polyester prepared using a maleic acid, phthalic acid and propylene glycol ratio of 2 1 33 and with an acid value of 40. To 500g of such a resin are added 10g of benzoyl peroxide and 167 g of styrene. Water 600 g is then stirred in at 5-10°C until a white creamy water-in-oil emulsion is obtained. A solution of 0.8 g of dimethyl-p-toluidine in lOOg of styrene is stirred into the emulsion and the resin is cast between plates and cured at 50°C. 

Patents on current best-selling drugs are expiring. It has been estimated that the top 100 products in the marketplace will all come off patent (that is, the basic patents will expire) in the period between 1973 and 1990. 

Carothers and his research group synthesised many polyesters, nearly all of them aliphatic. His basic patent was filed on July 3, 1931 [23], This work, together with his work on condensation polymers in general, proved influential in convincing the scientific community that polymers were indeed macromolecules, as maintained by Staudinger, and not assemblies of small molecules in a special state of association. Staudinger himself was initially reluctant to accept that the polyesters were polymers, since he had defined polymers in such a way as to refer solely to products of addition reactions. He thus excluded products of condensation reactions, where small molecules were eliminated as co-products of the reaction [24],... 

Other US companies chose to await expiration of the Whinfield and Dickson patent before entering the market. One of the earliest to become involved was Celanese Corporation, whose joint venture with ICI, named Fiber Industries Inc. (FII Fortrel), began construction of its first PET plant in 1959. Beaunit (Vycron) was also an early entrant, initially with a copolymer fibre that was arguably not covered by the basic patent, using polymer from Goodyear. 

Patent protection under general law usually lasts for up to around 20 years. This creates a difficulty in relation to medicinal products, as it can take some 12 years for the products to undergo research, development, the extensive clinical trials that are required in order to obtain a marketing authorisation and the authorisation process itself. These steps are also extremely expensive. The amount of time that remains during which the patent holder can exploit his patent and recoup his massive investment can be severely curtailed in relation to medicinal products. For this reason, the European Community has provided a form of additional patent-related protection for medicinal products authorised within the European Community, by means of a Supplementary Protection Certificate. A patent holder may apply for a certificate that takes effect at the end of the term of the basic patent, for a period equal to the period that elapsed between the date on which the application for the basic patent was lodged and the date of the first authorisation to place a product derived from the patent on the market in the Community, reduced by a period of 5 years. The maximum duration of the certificate is 5 years. The certificate applies to all medicinal products derived from the basic patent, but the additional time that can be obtained under the SPC is calculated in relation to the first product derived from the patent, authorised in the EU. 

AMT holds U.S. patents on several membranes, including the basic patents on the coated microporous fibers used in the oxygenated system. 

The overview describes each method basic chemical and/or physical The basic literature references, particularly fundamental or basic patents, are included. 

Basic patent coverage for xylose (glucose) isomerase lost in lawsuit opened up development of new HFCS processes. 

The basic patent coverage for use of xylose isomerase to convert glucose to fructose was lost in 1975 as the result of a civil action suit between CPC International and Standard Brands. Tins enabled development of alternate processes. By 1978. the estimated US production volume was 3.5 x 109 lb and consisted mostly ot syrups containing 42% D-fructose sold at a 71 % solids level (Antrim et al.). The introduction of large scale liquid chromatographic purification of the fructose enabled production of a 55% fructose which could be used in soft drinks in place of invert from sucrose. 

August 14 Geigy filed the basic patent Triazine Case No. 941 in Switzerland. (The US patent, NR. 2,891,855, was granted on June 23, 1959.) In this application, Geigy specifically described the herbicidal activity of chlorazine, simazine, and trietazine. In the same month, Dr. Gast reported that simazine and trietazine were fully tolerated by com at the rate of 10kg a.i./ha. Research emphasis was now on field trials for the remainder of the 1954 season, both in Switzerland and the United States. 

In view of its significance, an extract from the basic patent for the co-rotating threaded screw [13] is reproduced here (Figs. 2.6 and 2.7) ... 

Figure 2.6 Basic patent for threaded screws - title page and patent claims...

Meskat, W, Erdmenger, R., DBP 862 668 Gleichdrall-Doppelschnecke mit Dichtprofil. Basic patent for the threaded screw Priority, 1944 (transferred to West Germany 1953) Extracts from this key patent are included in the text and its importance emphasized. 

Erdmenger, R., DBP 813 154 Gleichdrall-Knetscheiben mit Dichtprofil, eingangig und zweigangig sowie Sonderfall Kreis-Exzenter. Basic patent for the kneading element (1949)... 

Erdmenger s patent for single-flighted and double-flighted self-cleaning kneading discs is considered to be the basic patent of the twin screw extruder. The patent describes the eccentric disc as well as the traditional profiles. 

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